The Structure and Function of Macromolecules

1. The Structure and Function of Macromolecules

2. Classes of Organic Macromolecules: 1) Carbohydrates 2) Proteins 3) Lipids 4) Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)

3. I. Polymers • Poly = many; mer = part. A polymer is a large molecule consisting of many smaller sub-units bonded together. • A monomer is a sub-unit of a polymer.

4. A. Making and Breaking Polymers • How are covalent linkages between monomers formed in the creation of organic polymers? • Condensation or dehydration synthesis reactions. • Monomers are covalently linked to one another through the removal of water.

5. Condensation or Dehydration Reaction -monomers combine to make polymers -a molecule of H2O is lost

6. Hydrolysis-polymers are broken down into monomers (H2O added)

8. Carbohydrates can be classified into three groups: • Monosaccharides (Mono = one) • Disaccharides (Di = two) • Polysaccharides (Poly = many)

9. 1. Structure of Monosaccharides

10. The structure and classification of some monosaccharides

11. In aqueous solutions many monosaccharides form rings:

12. Linear and Ring Forms of Glucose

13. Monosaccharides are classified according to the size of their carbon chains, varies from 3 to 7 carbons. Triose = 3 carbons Pentose = 5 carbons Hexose = 6 carbons

14. 2. Structure of Disaccharides • Double sugar that consists of 2 monosaccharides, joined by a glycosidic linkage. • What reaction forms the glycosidic linkage?

15. Examples of Disaccharides: Sucrose = glucose + fructose Lactose = glucose + galactose

16. Examples of Disaccharide Synthesis

17. Polysaccharides • Structure: Polymers of a few hundred or a few thousand monosaccharides. • Functions: energy storage molecules or for structural support:

18. Storage Polysaccharides

19. Chitin, a Structural Polysaccharide: Exoskeleton and Surgical Thread

20. Starch and Cellulose Structures

21. Starch and Cellulose Structures 

22. Lipids • Structure: Greasy or oily nonpolar compounds that are insoluble in water • Functions:

23. Structure of Fatty Acids • Long chains of mostly carbon and hydrogen atoms with a -COOH group at one end. • When they are part of lipids, the fatty acids resemble long flexible tails.

24. The Role of Hydrocarbons in Fats

25. Structure of Triglycerides • Glycerol + 3 fatty acids • 3 ester linkages are formed between a hydroxyl group of the glycerol and a carboxyl group of the fatty acid.

26. Saturated and Unsaturated Fats • Unsaturated fats : • Saturated fats:

28. Saturated fatty acid

29. Saturated fatty acid Unsaturated fatty acid

30. Examples of Saturated and Unsaturated Fats and Fatty Acids

31. These are unsaturated fats, they have at least one double bond.

32. These are saturated fatty acid tails (no bonds in the middle)

33. Phospholipids • Structure: Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group.

34. Two Structures Formed by Self-Assembly of Phospholipids in Aqueous Environments

35. Waxes • Function: • Lipids that serve as coatings for plant parts and as animal coverings.

36. Steroids • Structure: Four carbon rings with no fatty acid tails • Functions: • Component of animal cell membranes • Modified to form sex hormones

37. Cholesterol, a steroid    

38. A Comparison of Female (estrogen) and Male (testosterone) Sex Hormones

40. The Components of Nucleic Acids

41. We Love DNA, Made of Nucleotides, Sugar, Phosphate, and a Base, Bonded Down One Side! Adenine and Thymine, Make a Lovely Pair, Cytosine Without Guanine, Would Seem so Bare.

42. DNA Structure Phosphodiester Bond 5’ 3’ polarity-OH 5’ Carbon 3’ Carbon

43. Proteins • Structure: made of C,H,O, +N. • Polypeptide chain connected by peptide bonds between 20 possible amino acid monomers • Have a 3 dimensional globular shape

44. Great Source of Protein! What are your other sources of protein?

46. The 20 Amino Acids of Proteins: Nonpolar

47. The 20 Amino Acids of Proteins: Polar and Electrically Charged

48. Functions of Proteins

49. An Overview of Protein Functions

50. Structure of Amino Acid Monomers