ECOLOGY

1. ECOLOGY LG’s: Explain and illustrate relationships between food webs and ecological pyramids, showing energy flow ID 1°, 2°, 3°, 4° consumers and producers in food chains and webs Compare and Contrast Producer and Consumer

2. Pakistan

4. Australia

7. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION REVIEW • ORGANISM • POPULATION • COMMUNITY • ECOSYSTEM • BIOME • BIOSPHERE

8. REVIEW TERMS • Ecology– scientific study of interactions among organisms, between organisms, in their environment • Biosphere – the world (combining ALL parts of the world)

9. Carrying Capacity – average number of organisms that can be sustained in an ecosystem • Limiting factors - Food, water, shelter • Can control the carrying capacity

10. Abiotic– non-livingelements in an ecosystem • Air, water, temperature • Biotic– living elements in an ecosystem • Plants, animals, bacteria

11. PRODUCERS use sunlight/chemicals to make own food/energy AKA: Autotroph CONSUMERS use other organisms for food/energy AKA: Heterotroph COMPARE and CONTRAST

12. TYPES OF PRODUCERS • Photosynthesis —use sunlight to make carbohydrates (sugars) • Chemosynthesis —use chemicals to make carbohydrates (sugars)

13. TYPES OF CONSUMERS • HERBIVORES: • energy from only plants • i.e. cows and deer • CARNIVORES: • energy from only animals • i.e. tigers and snakes • OMNIVORES: • energy from both plants and animals • i.e. humans and bears

14. TYPES OF CONSUMERS • DETRITIVORES: energy from remains of plants and animals • Scavengers • i.e. mites and crabs, • Racoons, vultures, hyenas • DECOMPOSERS: breakdown what the detritivores leave • Fungi(mushrooms), • Bacteria

15. TROPHIC LEVELS • Energy levels in a food chain or food web • Producers = always first trophic level • Consumers = make up the second, third, etc. trophic levels • Decomposers = feed on every level Grass → Caterpillar → Hawk → Wolf **Arrows represent the flow of energy from one organism to the next Producer Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer Tertiary Consumer

16. FOOD CHAIN • Energy transfer from one organism to another in a series of steps • EXAMPLE: Grass → Caterpillar → Hawk → Wolf • Remember: decomposers feed on every level! Producer Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer Tertiary Consumer

18. Shows a complex feeding relationship among different animals in an area. Where are the trophic levels in this figure? Flow of Energy Video Clip FOOD WEBS

19. 30 Arrows show energy flow! 20 10

20. Food Web Practice In a Marine ecosystem algae are one of the major producers. Mosquito larvae eat the algae and dragonfly larvae eat the mosquito larvae. Racoons eat the fish. The fish eat the dragonfly larvae. Which one of the following shows one pathway for energy through this ecosystem? A. Algae -> racoons -> dragonfly larvae -> mosquito larvae-> fish B. Dragonfly larvae -> algae -> racoons -> fish ->mosquito larvae C. Algae -> mosquito larvae -> dragonfly larvae -> fish -> racoons D. Dragonfly larvae - > fish -> racoons -> mosquito larvae ->algae

21. Food Web Practice In a Desert ecosystem cacti are one of the major producers. Kangaroo rats eat the cacti and snakes eat the Kangaroo rats. Desert fox like to snack on Kangaroo rats but their main source of energy comes from snakes. Which one of the following shows one pathway for energy through this ecosystem? • Cacti -> Kangaroo rats ->snakes -> desert fox • Snakes -> Kangaroo rats -> desert fox -> cacti • C. Cacti -> snakes -> desert fox -> kangaroo rats • Cacti -> Kangaroo rats -> desert fox -> snakes

22. ENERGY PYRAMIDS • Show relative mass, energy, numbers of organisms in each trophic level • Producers are always on the bottom and the most abundant. • Less energy available to the organisms as you go up each trophic level.

23. ENERGY PYRAMID • ENERGY PYRAMID • Shows the relative amount of energy available in each trophic level

24. Carnivores and Omnivores Herbivores Producers

25. Organisms use about 10% of energy from each trophic level • The rest is lost as heat 0.1 1 10 100

26. Why are there fewer top level consumers than primary consumers on the ecological pyramids? • Examining the pictures and information you have been given, explain your answer.