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CHAPTER 13

CHAPTER 13. THE SENSES. RECEPTORS. RECEIVE INFORMATION AND SEND IT TO THE BRAIN FOR PROCESSING. 4 RECEPTOR TYPES. 1. CHEMORECEPTORS- RESPOND TO CHEMICALS- SMELL, TASTE, BLOOD pH, PAIN RECEPTORS- SENSE CHEMICALS PRODUCED BY DAMAGED CELLS. 2. MECHANORECEPTORS.

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CHAPTER 13

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  1. CHAPTER 13 THE SENSES

  2. RECEPTORS • RECEIVE INFORMATION AND SEND IT TO THE BRAIN FOR PROCESSING

  3. 4 RECEPTOR TYPES 1. CHEMORECEPTORS- RESPOND TO CHEMICALS- SMELL, TASTE, BLOOD pH, • PAIN RECEPTORS- SENSE CHEMICALS PRODUCED BY DAMAGED CELLS

  4. 2. MECHANORECEPTORS • STIMULATED BY CHANGES IN PRESSURE OR MOVEMENT • TOUCH, HEARING, POSITION OF BODY PARTS, BALANCE

  5. 3. THERMORECEPTORS • COLD, WARMTH • IN SKIN AND HYPOTHALAMUS (to regulate body temp.)

  6. 4. PHOTORECEPTORS • RESPOND TO LIGHT • CONES- Sense COLOR • RODS- Sense only BLACK AND WHITE • Rods work better than cones when it is fairly dark

  7. SENSATION • THE ARRIVAL OF ELECTRICAL IMPULSES AT THE BRAIN (CEREBRUM- the front part of brain) • PERCEPTION- INTERPRETING THE MEANING OF THE SENSATION

  8. ADAPTATION • RESPONSE TO A REPEATED STIMULUS • RECEPTORS STOP SENDING IMPULSES OR THE BRAIN FILTERS THEM OUT • Farmers don’t notice manure smell anymore • People living beside railroads no longer get awakened by trains at night

  9. PROPRIOCEPTION • SENSING THE POSITION OF BODY PARTS • DEPENDS ON MUSCLE, TENDON AND LIGAMENT TENSION

  10. RECEPTORS IN THE SKIN 2 LAYERS • EPIDERMIS- PAIN • DERMIS- TOUCH, COLD, HEAT, PAIN

  11. REFERRED PAIN • INTERNAL PAIN IS “FELT” SOMEWHERE ELSE ON THE BODY • EX. HEART ATTACK “FELT” IN LEFT ARM

  12. TASTE • RECEPTORS ARE LOCATED IN PAPILLAE (BUMPS ON TONGUE) • BITTER, SWEET, SALTY, SOUR • TASTE = A COMBINATION OF THESE 4 SENSATIONS

  13. SMELL • OLFACTORY CELLS IN THE ROOF OF THE NASAL CAVITY • 1,000 DIFFERENT RECEPTORS • ODORS STIMULATE DIFFERENT COMBINATIONS OF RECEPTORS • NERVES CONNECT TO EMOTIONAL CENTER OF THE BRAIN • TASTE BUDS ALSO STIMULATED

  14. VISION • SCLERA- TOUGH WHITE OUTER COVERING • CORNEA- PUPIL COVER • LENS- FOCUS LIGHT RAYS • RETINA- BACK OF EYE WHERE IMAGE IS FOCUSED • IRIS- REGULATES LIGHT

  15. EYE • FILLED WITH FLUID • GIVES IT SHAPE • FRONT SECTION- WATERY FLUID GLAUCOMA- CAUSED WHEN DRAINS CLOG AND PRESSURE BUILDS • REAR SECTION- JELLO LIKE FLUID

  16. FOCUSING • TINY MUSCLES CONTROL THE SHAPE OF THE LENS SO THAT LIGHT IS FOCUSED PROPERLY WHEN IT HITS THE RETINA • CLOSE OBJECTS- MUSCLES CONTRACT, EYE STRAIN • OLD AGE- BIFOCALS, CATARACTS

  17. RETINA • RODS, SENSE Black and White IN LOW LIGHT • CONES SENSE Red,Green,Blue IN BRIGHT LIGHT FOVEA- SMALL CENTRAL REGION OF RETINA FILLED WITH LOTS OF CONES

  18. ABNORMALITIES COLORBLINDNESS- LACK OF CONES • CORRECTIVE LENSES- NEEDED FO MISSHAPEN EYEBALL OR LENS NEARSIGHTED- EXTRA LONG EYEBALL FARSIGHTED- EXTRA SHORT EYEBALL ASTIGMATISM- UNEVEN LENS

  19. HEARING • OUTER EAR= PINNA AND AUDITORY CANAL • MIDDLE EAR= TYMPANIC MEMBRANE + OSSICLES (bones) Ossicles= MALLEUS (hammer), INCUS (anvil) AND STAPES (stirrup) HIT OVAL WINDOW of cochlea EUSTACHIAN TUBE- EQUALIZES PRESSURE IN MIDDLE EAR- also called auditory tube

  20. INNER EAR • COCHLEA (HEARING) + VESTIBULE AND SEMICIRCULAR CANALS (BALANCE)

  21. SENSING SOUND • SOUND= AIR PRESSURE WAVES • EARDRUM VIBRATES • STAPES HITS OVAL WINDOW • PRESSURE WAVES OF FLUID IN COCHLEA BENDS STEREOCILIA (HAIR CELLS) ALONG THE MEMBRANE • Creates impulses which go to brain

  22. BALANCE • INNER EAR • ACCELERATION- SEMICIRCULAR CANALS • POSITION- VESTIBULE

  23. ACCELERATION • SEMICIRCULAR CANALS- ONE FOR EACH DIMENSION OF MOVEMENT • MOVEMENT OF BODY CAUSES FLUID TO FLOW PAST CUPULA

  24. POSITION OTOLITHS- SMALL GRAINS OF CALCIUM CARBONATE WHICH REST ON SENSORY HAIRS UTRICLE- DETECTS SIDE TO SIDE MOVEMENT SACCULE- DETECTS UP AND DOWN MOVEMENT

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