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GV551-week 18

GV551-week 18. Peacekeeping operations Definitions Types Record of UN peacekeeping operations. Definitions of peacekeeping. Peacekeeping: observe a truce/cease-fire/keep parties apart Method to manage conflict (first attempts under the League of Nations)

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GV551-week 18

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  1. GV551-week 18 Peacekeeping operations Definitions Types Record of UN peacekeeping operations

  2. Definitions of peacekeeping • Peacekeeping: observe a truce/cease-fire/keep parties apart • Method to manage conflict (first attempts under the League of Nations) • Often as a term is used to encompass military action against an aggressor: e.g. Korean war and first Gulf war • Peacekeeping combines elements of collective security and observation • Characteristics of peacekeeping: • Nonenforcement—noncoercive • Occupation of are but as an interposition between fighting parties • Limited military capability (light armaments—partly due to necessity)---strictly self-defence and deterrentthreat in case of demilitarisation and patrolling • Neutrality • Nonaligned states (e.f. Sweden, Pakistan, India, Fiji) • Issue of major powers (Cold War) • Permission of Host Countries • Ad hoc organizations under the UN auspices and certified by UN Security Council

  3. Peace making and peacebuilding • Peace making: bring hostile parties to an agreement through peaceful means: mediation, adjudication • Peace enforcement: authorized act with or without the consent of he involved parties mandated and authorized by the Security Council—heavily armed and under the UN secretary-general 9e.g. East Slavonia 1996, Sierra Leone 2000 (UK), Liberia (US)) • Peacebuilding (Haiti, East Timor, Sierra Leone, Kosovo…): developing social, economic, and political structure and institutions to avoid conflict in the future

  4. Types of peacekeeping operations (PKOs) • 6 types depending on degree of involvement and the freedom to use force • From conflict management to conflict resolution • Types 1 & 2: traditional peacekeeping (neutrality et al: Cyprus, Kashmir 1948, Golan Heights) • Types 3 & 5: incorporate elements of peacebuilding, such as decommissioning (Guatemala, Sierra Leone, Kosovo), training of police forces, monitoring and organization of elections (Cambodia, East Timor/OSCE in Eurasia) • Type 5: enforcement issues • Type 6; full fledged peacebuilding (Haiti)

  5. Origin of PKOs • Boxer wars in China (1900) • The creation of the League of Nations • Concept of collective security • No direct reference to peacekeeping but authorization to League of Nations to take action to safeguard peace • Problems: • The role of great powers • Lack of enforcement • Japanese attack against China (1931)—fact finding mission • Abyssinian crisis (1935) • Lack of interest in remote conflicts (the case of Czechoslovakia (1938)) • What is an aggressor?

  6. The United Nations • Purpose: provide and international structure through which states can settle conflicts with the least possible use of force • Chapters 6 & 7 • Korean war and the movement of non-aligned countries • Resolution 998 and Suez Canal Crisis (1956): beginnings of PKOs • 1960-1964: Congp (ONUC) • To ensure the withdrawal of Belgian forces from the Republic of the Congo • to assist the Government in maintaining law and order • to provide technical assistance • UNUC was authorized to use force • By resolution 169 (1961) of 24 November 1961, the Council authorized the Secretary-General "to take vigorous action, including the use of the requisite measure of force, if necessary, for the immediate apprehension, detention pending legal action and/or deportation of all foreign military and paramilitary personnel and political advisers not under United Nations Command, and mercenaries", as laid down in Council’s resolution 161 (1961). • Early 1990s: An Agenda ofr Peace (Boutros Boutros-Ghali): more ambitious role of the UN • Second and third generation PKOs

  7. Example of Successful Nation Building: East Timor

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