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Follow-up to Te Puni Kokiri Report “Disparities between Maori and Non-Maori Participation in Early Childhood Services i

Follow-up to Te Puni Kokiri Report “Disparities between Maori and Non-Maori Participation in Early Childhood Services in Zealand - February 2000”. Seminar No 2 “Some National and Local Statistics on Disparities in Participation in Early Childhood Services by Ethnic Group”

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Follow-up to Te Puni Kokiri Report “Disparities between Maori and Non-Maori Participation in Early Childhood Services i

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  1. Follow-up to Te Puni Kokiri Report “Disparities between Maori and Non-Maori Participation in Early Childhood Services in Zealand - February 2000” Seminar No 2 “Some National and Local Statisticson Disparities in Participation in Early Childhood Services by Ethnic Group” Stella Maris Centre, Wellington (NZ), 28th November 2000 Prepared by James Newell MERA - Monitoring and Evaluation Research Associates Ltd. For Te Puni Kokiri (Ministry of Maori Development) Year 2000 Te Puni Kokiri ECE Seminar 2 Disparities in Early Childhood Service Participation in New ZealandNov 28th 2000

  2. Presentation Outline - A • History of this work (MinEd 95, ECD 96, ECD 99, TPK 2000) and Brief refers • Introduction • Goals of Early Childhood Services? • Meaning of Participation • Quality of Data, Measures of Participation • National Population – ECS Enrolments – ECS Participation (Maori / Non-Maori) – Disparities (Te Puni Kokiri, 2000) Year 2000 Te Puni Kokiri ECE Seminar 2 Disparities in Early Childhood Service Participation in New ZealandNov 28th 2000

  3. Presentation Outline - B • Comparative Maori/European/Pacific Island / Asian ECS Participation Rates (Early Childhood Development, 1999) • Subnational Variation • Te Puni Kokiri/Newell 2000 – major points – Regional Variation in Disparities • Early Childhood Development/Newell 1999 • Regional Variation - Total/Maori / Pacific Island / European / Asian • Disparities – Main conclusions • Measuring Participation, Studying Attributes and Identifying Factors behind variations • Some Issues- Year 2000 Te Puni Kokiri ECE Seminar 2 Disparities in Early Childhood Service Participation in New ZealandNov 28th 2000

  4. How does the Seminar differ from first Te Puni Kokiri ECS Disparities Seminar? • Based on the 1st Te Puni Kokiri Seminar • Incorporates some Pacific Island, Asian Statistics from the 1999 Early Childhood Development Report • Expands discussion of • Meaning of Participation • Measuring Participation • Issues / Questions Year 2000 Te Puni Kokiri ECE Seminar 2 Disparities in Early Childhood Service Participation in New ZealandNov 28th 2000

  5. History / Geneology of this work on Participation in Early Childhood Education? • November 1995, Newell/Ministry of Education • Crude NZ Early Childhood Education Projections by Ethnic Group • But no basis for interpreting history to do more than crude projections of current year participation rates • Mid 1996 – Early Childhood Development/Newell • NZ Enrolment and Participation Trends by Ethnic Group • Crude Regional, Local Authority Preschool Projections • Crude and Partial Historical Regional and Local Authority Enrolment and “Coverage” Rates for 1995 • June 1999 – Early Childhood Development/Newell • National Enrolment and Participation Trends by Ethnic Group 1992-96 • First 1996 Regional Participation Rate Estimates by Ethnic Group • Partial 1992-96 Regional and Local Authority Participation Rate Estimates 1992-96 Year 2000 Te Puni Kokiri ECE Seminar 2 Disparities in Early Childhood Service Participation in New ZealandNov 28th 2000

  6. History / Geneology of this work on Participation in Early Childhood Education? • This seminar is intended to communicate the results of the most recent report/study in this series • February 2000 – Te Puni Kokiri/Newell • Disparities between Maori and non-Maori Participation in Early Childhood Services in New Zealand • National Maori and Non-Maori Enrolment and Participation Trends by Ethnic Group 1991-98 • Robust 1998 Local Authority and Regional Maori and Non-Maori Enrolment and Participation Rate Estimates • Participation Rate Disparities analysis Year 2000 Te Puni Kokiri ECE Seminar 2 Disparities in Early Childhood Service Participation in New ZealandNov 28th 2000

  7. Stating Goals for Early Childhood Services? • Interests of children – child development and early intervention / head start / service quality? • Allowing Parents to participate in the labour force (especially solo parents)? • Wider context of family / whanau development? • Transferring / fostering culture and language? • Reducing Risks of child abuse / neglect and/or improve child health? Year 2000 Te Puni Kokiri ECE Seminar 2 Disparities in Early Childhood Service Participation in New ZealandNov 28th 2000

  8. What is meant by Participation? • Attendance/not at an Early Childhood Service • Hours per week? • One or more than one service? • Seasonal / casual / parental mobility • Nature of the Service? • Combination of Learning and Childcare? • Facilities? • Staffing, staffing ratios, numbers of children per adult etc. Year 2000 Te Puni Kokiri ECE Seminar 2 Disparities in Early Childhood Service Participation in New ZealandNov 28th 2000

  9. Original Brief“Disparities between Maori and Non-Maori Participation in Early Childhood Services...” Report • Summarise and Illustrate Regional Disparities in ECS Enrolment and Participation between Maori and non-Maori over the 1996 to 1998 period, as far as this can be ascertained from Min Education data (Aug 99) • Provide an overview of the Quality or Early Childhood Enrolment data and comment on the implications of any problems for the assessment of Maori participation • Present the information in (a) above, in the context of changes in nationalenrolments for Maori and Non-Maori over the 1992 to 1998 period • Present the data by service type and age of child • Present write-up ranked from highest to lowestparticipation Year 2000 Te Puni Kokiri ECE Seminar 2 Disparities in Early Childhood Service Participation in New ZealandNov 28th 2000

  10. What was achieved in“Disparities between Maori and Non-Maori Participation in Early Childhood Services...” Report? • Regional disparities in ECS enrolment and participation for 1996 to 1998 – focused on 1998, but to TLA level as well • Quality of ECS enrolment data and implications for assessment of participation - yes • National ECS Enrolment and Participation Trends 1992-1998 – actually 1991-98 • Trends by EC Service Type and Age Group - yes • Rank Areas from highest to lowest ECS participation - yes Year 2000 Te Puni Kokiri ECE Seminar 2 Disparities in Early Childhood Service Participation in New ZealandNov 28th 2000

  11. Population Data Components UsedSources : Stats NZ & MERA Derivatives • NZ Population Estimates by Maori/Non-Maori, Age, and Gender for 1991-98 (Statistics NZ for TPK 1999) • Regional and Local Authority Level 1996 Population Estimates based on Supermap 3 outputs reconciled with an earlier statistical table of single year of age by ethnic group (Reconciled Local Supermap3 and Stats NZ National) • 1998 Regional and Local Authority Population Estimates derived from scaling 1996 Census statistics pro-rata to fit 1998 National Population Estimates (MERA Local Estimates) Year 2000 Te Puni Kokiri ECE Seminar 2 Disparities in Early Childhood Service Participation in New ZealandNov 28th 2000

  12. ECS Enrolment Data UsedSource : Ministry of Education Aug 99 • 1990-98 NZ Enrolment Statistics by Maori/Non-Maori by Age, Gender and Service Type • 1998 Te Kohanga Reo National Trust Summary by Age and Ethnic Origin, for Regions and Local Authorities • Individual ECE Enrolment Statistical Returns by Institution for 1992 to 1998 • Institution Profiles for ECD Playgroup and Pacific Island Language Nests Year 2000 Te Puni Kokiri ECE Seminar 2 Disparities in Early Childhood Service Participation in New ZealandNov 28th 2000

  13. Quality Issues : ECE Enrolment Data • Standardisation and consistency lags behind school enrolment data • ECE services more diverse than schools and generally have less admin resources • Sessional hours and other attributes vary • Different Survey methods used by some service types • Possibility of double counting – a child can use more than one service over the same week • Ministry of Education revising the ECD Playgroup series from the numbers here • 1998 Data of higher quality than earlier data Year 2000 Te Puni Kokiri ECE Seminar 2 Disparities in Early Childhood Service Participation in New ZealandNov 28th 2000

  14. Monitoring of Early Childhood Services • Measures / Indicators • Enrolments as a % of the Catchment Population • Maori Enrolments as a % of Total Enrolments • Both affected by double counting • “ECE Participation Rates” require local population estimates and catchment assumptions • “% Enrolments Maori” is a biased indicator – eg. recent increase in Maori pre-school population relative to non-Maori larger than relative changes in enrolments Year 2000 Te Puni Kokiri ECE Seminar 2 Disparities in Early Childhood Service Participation in New ZealandNov 28th 2000

  15. National Preschool Population Trends • NZ Population Estimates 1991-98 (Stats NZ Aug 99) • Maori and Non-Maori Under 5’s • By Age (0, 4 yr olds) Year 2000 Te Puni Kokiri ECE Seminar 2 Disparities in Early Childhood Service Participation in New ZealandNov 28th 2000

  16. National Trends – Under Five Population : 1991-98Source : Statistics NZ for TPK Aug 99 Year 2000 Te Puni Kokiri ECE Seminar 2 Disparities in Early Childhood Service Participation in New ZealandNov 28th 2000

  17. Maori Population Trends – 0 and 4 year olds 1991-98Source : Statistics NZ for TPK Aug 1999 Year 2000 Te Puni Kokiri ECE Seminar 2 Disparities in Early Childhood Service Participation in New ZealandNov 28th 2000

  18. Non-Maori Population Trends – 0 and 4 year olds 1991-98Source : Statistics NZ for TPK Aug 1999 Year 2000 Te Puni Kokiri ECE Seminar 2 Disparities in Early Childhood Service Participation in New ZealandNov 28th 2000

  19. National ECS Enrolment Trends • Maori and Non-Maori ECE Enrolments 1991-98 (MinEd Aug 99) • Total – all ages, types, genders Year 2000 Te Puni Kokiri ECE Seminar 2 Disparities in Early Childhood Service Participation in New ZealandNov 28th 2000

  20. National Trends –ECS Enrolments : 1983-98Source : Ministry of Education Year 2000 Te Puni Kokiri ECE Seminar 2 Disparities in Early Childhood Service Participation in New ZealandNov 28th 2000

  21. National Trends – Maori and Non-Maori Under Five ECS Enrolments : 1990-98Source : Ministry of Education for TPK (Aug 99) Year 2000 Te Puni Kokiri ECE Seminar 2 Disparities in Early Childhood Service Participation in New ZealandNov 28th 2000

  22. National Trends in ECS Participation 1991-98 • Rate • Raw / Indexed to 1991 • By Type • Maori / Maori vs Non-Maori • By Age • Maori by Type / Maori vs Non-Maori Year 2000 Te Puni Kokiri ECE Seminar 2 Disparities in Early Childhood Service Participation in New ZealandNov 28th 2000

  23. Participation Rate Trends for Pacific Island People 1992-1996 Year 2000 Te Puni Kokiri ECE Seminar 2 Disparities in Early Childhood Service Participation in New ZealandNov 28th 2000

  24. Estimates NZ Early Childhood Enrolments by Ethnicity, Population and Participation Rate 1992-1996 • This table does not reproduce well in html • Table 5 : ECD / Newell 1999 refers Year 2000 Te Puni Kokiri ECE Seminar 2 Disparities in Early Childhood Service Participation in New ZealandNov 28th 2000

  25. ECS Participation by Service Type and Ethnic Group 1996 • This table does not reproduce well in html • Table 6 : ECD / Newell 1999 refers Year 2000 Te Puni Kokiri ECE Seminar 2 Disparities in Early Childhood Service Participation in New ZealandNov 28th 2000

  26. Pacific Island ECS Participation Trends by Type 1992-1996 • This table does not reproduce well in html • Table 7 : ECD / Newell 1999 refers Year 2000 Te Puni Kokiri ECE Seminar 2 Disparities in Early Childhood Service Participation in New ZealandNov 28th 2000

  27. Asian ECS Participation Trends by Type 1992-1996 • This table does not reproduce well in html • Table 12 : ECD / Newell 1999 refers Year 2000 Te Puni Kokiri ECE Seminar 2 Disparities in Early Childhood Service Participation in New ZealandNov 28th 2000

  28. Maori and Non-Maori ECS Participation Rate and Disparity Estimates 1991-98 Year 2000 Te Puni Kokiri ECE Seminar 2 Disparities in Early Childhood Service Participation in New ZealandNov 28th 2000

  29. Maori and Non-Maori ECS Participation Rate Index 1991-98 Year 2000 Te Puni Kokiri ECE Seminar 2 Disparities in Early Childhood Service Participation in New ZealandNov 28th 2000

  30. Maori and Non-Maori ECS Participation Rates by Type 1991 and 1998 Year 2000 Te Puni Kokiri ECE Seminar 2 Disparities in Early Childhood Service Participation in New ZealandNov 28th 2000

  31. Maori ECS Participation Rates by Type 1991 and 1998 Year 2000 Te Puni Kokiri ECE Seminar 2 Disparities in Early Childhood Service Participation in New ZealandNov 28th 2000

  32. Maori ECS Enrolments by Type : 1990-98 Year 2000 Te Puni Kokiri ECE Seminar 2 Disparities in Early Childhood Service Participation in New ZealandNov 28th 2000

  33. Non-Maori ECS Participation Rates by Type 1991 and 1998 Year 2000 Te Puni Kokiri ECE Seminar 2 Disparities in Early Childhood Service Participation in New ZealandNov 28th 2000

  34. Non-Maori ECS Enrolments by Type : 1990-98 Year 2000 Te Puni Kokiri ECE Seminar 2 Disparities in Early Childhood Service Participation in New ZealandNov 28th 2000

  35. Maori ECS Enrolments by Age and Type : 1990-98 Year 2000 Te Puni Kokiri ECE Seminar 2 Disparities in Early Childhood Service Participation in New ZealandNov 28th 2000

  36. Sub-National Maori/non-Maori Differences in ECS Participation Disparities • Apparent Regional Disparities 1998 • High Regional Rates in Hawke’s Bay, Taranaki, Wellington • Low Rates in Auckland, West Coast, Waikato, Tasman • Local Authority Level Differences Year 2000 Te Puni Kokiri ECE Seminar 2 Disparities in Early Childhood Service Participation in New ZealandNov 28th 2000

  37. Regional Estimates of ECS Participation for 1996 – Total Under 5 Population • Figure does not import well into powerpoint • Figure 4, ECD/Newell 1999 refers Year 2000 Te Puni Kokiri ECE Seminar 2 Disparities in Early Childhood Service Participation in New ZealandNov 28th 2000

  38. Regional Estimates of ECS Participation for 1996 – European Under 5 Population • Figure does not import well into powerpoint • Figure 5, ECD/Newell 1999 refers Year 2000 Te Puni Kokiri ECE Seminar 2 Disparities in Early Childhood Service Participation in New ZealandNov 28th 2000

  39. Regional Estimates of ECS Participation for 1996 – Maori Under 5 Population • Figure does not import well into powerpoint • Figure 6, ECD/Newell 1999 refers Year 2000 Te Puni Kokiri ECE Seminar 2 Disparities in Early Childhood Service Participation in New ZealandNov 28th 2000

  40. Regional Estimates of ECS Participation for 1996 – Pacific Island Peoples Under 5 Population • Figure does not import well into powerpoint • Figure 7, ECD/Newell 1999 refers Year 2000 Te Puni Kokiri ECE Seminar 2 Disparities in Early Childhood Service Participation in New ZealandNov 28th 2000

  41. Regional Estimates of ECS Participation for 1996 – Asian Peoples Under 5 Population • Figure does not import well into powerpoint • Figure 8, ECD/Newell 1999 refers Year 2000 Te Puni Kokiri ECE Seminar 2 Disparities in Early Childhood Service Participation in New ZealandNov 28th 2000

  42. North Island : Local Authority Level ECS Disparity Estimates – June 98 • Map does not reproduce well in html • Figure 11a, Newell/TPK 2000 refers Year 2000 Te Puni Kokiri ECE Seminar 2 Disparities in Early Childhood Service Participation in New ZealandNov 28th 2000

  43. Year 2000 Te Puni Kokiri ECE Seminar 2 Disparities in Early Childhood Service Participation in New ZealandNov 28th 2000

  44. South Island : Local Authority Level ECS Disparity Estimates – June 98 • Map does not reproduce well in html • Figure 11b, Newell/TPK 2000 refers Year 2000 Te Puni Kokiri ECE Seminar 2 Disparities in Early Childhood Service Participation in New ZealandNov 28th 2000

  45. Year 2000 Te Puni Kokiri ECE Seminar 2 Disparities in Early Childhood Service Participation in New ZealandNov 28th 2000

  46. Conclusions (slide 1) • Disparities between Maori and Non-Maori ECE Participation fluctuate between 1991 and 1998, but appear to be increasing • Small reduction in disparities amongst 4 year olds • Under 5 year old ECE Participation from 1991 to 1998 • Maori increased from 30% to 39% (9%) • Non-Maori increased from 46% to 61% (15%) Disparities grew from 16% to 22% Disparities reduced from 1992-94 – then increased Year 2000 Te Puni Kokiri ECE Seminar 2 Disparities in Early Childhood Service Participation in New ZealandNov 28th 2000

  47. Conclusions (slide 2) • Maori pre-school population increasing not decreasing as for non-Maori • Participation Rates are not increasing and disparities are rising • Need to rethink policy and programme settings / environment if want to increase participation Year 2000 Te Puni Kokiri ECE Seminar 2 Disparities in Early Childhood Service Participation in New ZealandNov 28th 2000

  48. What has been achieved? • Coherent statistical series (-Newell (1996), Newell(1999), and Newell(2000) refers) • by age, gender, ethnic origin, service type • By spatial unit – Regional 1996, 1998, TLA 1998 • Gaps • Revised ECD data • Extension of sub-national Te Kohanga Reo series back to 1992 • Add 1999 and 2000 data • Incorporate Hours, Qualitative attributes of each facility Year 2000 Te Puni Kokiri ECE Seminar 2 Disparities in Early Childhood Service Participation in New ZealandNov 28th 2000

  49. Participation Research Directions? • Questions • Why are the participation rates for some ethnic or spatial communities much lower than others? • What evidence is there that differences in participation are associated with desirable/undesirable consequences? Year 2000 Te Puni Kokiri ECE Seminar 2 Disparities in Early Childhood Service Participation in New ZealandNov 28th 2000

  50. Understanding Participation - concept Year 2000 Te Puni Kokiri ECE Seminar 2 Disparities in Early Childhood Service Participation in New ZealandNov 28th 2000

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