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Explore the financing of political parties in Austria, including regulations, sources of funding, political personnel, recent debates, and historical development. Discover the multi-dimensional system of financing, contested boundaries, visible and invisible sources, and the level of financing across federal and regional schemes.
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Financing Political Parties:The Austrian Case Christian Fleck DeptofSociology University of Graz
Overview • Financing of parties in Austria • Regulations and enforcement • Political personnel • Recent debate and suggested reforms • Sketch of historical development
Sources of financing parties in Austria Multi-dimensional system: • Visible • Invisible • Official, legal: bylaw • Unofficial, factual: law-abing but also sometimes illegal
Contestedboundaries Unofficially (factual, law-abiding,but also sometimes illegal) Officially (legal) • membershipfees, • donors, • statesubsidy • obligatory „donations“ bypoliticians („party tax“), • staffofexecutives (administration), • subunits, front organisations, (Relative)Visible • „personnelsusidy,“ • pricesupports, discounts, • financialaidbycorporations (small & large), • „outsourcing“ ofstaffandprepworktocompetenceunits (e.g. chambers, specialinterestgroups, unions, etc.) • front organisations, • partyenterprises, • bankloans, • financialdonationsbyindividuals (small & large) & bycorporations • staffofpoliticians (Mostly) Invisible
Level of financing parties in Austria Multi-levelsystem: • Federal regulations & schemes(ca. € 46 mio in 2011) • basicsupport • forparties, • basicsupportparlimentgroups, • basicsupportpartyacademies, • basicsupportpartypublications, • per voterforeachcampaign • Regional schemes(ca. € 123 mio in 2011) Ca. € 27 per eligiblevoter (in 2011)
Regulationsandenforcement • System ofregulationyes • Provision fordisclosureno • Do donorshavetodisclosecontributionsno • Do partieshavetodisclosecontributionsno • Anybansno • Ceilingofexpenditureorcontributionsno • Free mediaaccessno Source: IDEA http://www.idea.int/parties/finance/db/
Austria‘spoliticalpersonnel ca. 900.000 partymembers, ofthemabout 110.000 active (mostlyvolunteers), ca. 50.000 publicoffices ca. 240 M.P.s, ca. 450 regional assemblymen, 2350 mayors(i.e. publiclypaidpoliticians, ca 1000 fulltime) ca. 1700 staffer, partyclerks, etc.
Recentdebates • Corruption • Party-mediarelations • Ongoingdebate on disclosure, regulations • Parlimentaryfact-findingcommissionforthcoming • Fundamental revisionunlikely
Historical background • 1945: threepartiesfoundedthe so-called Second Republic • 1947-66: ConservativesandSocialDemocratsformed Great Coalition + distributedthepoliticalsystembeyondeachother • 1966-83: onepartygovernment, but still corporatism • 1983-87: SocialDemocrats + rightliberalsgov. • 1987-2000: again Great Coalition • 2000-07: Conservatives + right-wingpopulistgov. • since 2007: again Great Coalition