Brief Response

1. Brief Response • How did World War I encourage Europe’s colonial empires to push for independence? • Colonials learned the weaknesses of the Imperials • Many colonials were insulted that self-determination only applied to Europe. • Colonials helped the Imperialists (supplies, troops), but were not rewarded with self-rule or reduced racism. • More colonials than before formed pro-independence groups.

2. Brief Response:Political Cartoon • Is the cartoonist for or against the US Congress rejecting the Versailles Treaty? • Against. • How do the cartoonist show this opinion? • The bridge (European peace) is not strong w/o the US as the keystone. • The US looks negligent, ignoring the responsibility of protecting future peace.

3. Angry Russia p. 375

4. Why the Russian Revolutions? • Most of the Russian people were in favor of changing their government when WW I started. • Defeats made them act. • Russia’s revolution affected the course of WW I in favor of the Central Powers. • It also began the conflict between communists and capitalists that would culminate in WW II and the Cold War.

5. Discontent grows • Since 1900, Russians were increasingly angry at the Tsar Nicholas II’s government (3) • Russian nationalists • were upset that Russia had lost to Japan in 1905 • They still supported the Tsar, but wanted more military strength • Russian liberals • wanted a legislature (the Duma) to make laws and national decisions. • Keeping the Tsar as a powerless monarch • Jews and many of the poor • hated the tsar for his government abusing them.

6. Russian failures and poor decisions in World War I were increasing revolutionary feelings: (6) • Strained resources • Weak industrial capacity to support the war • Armies were under supplied or not supplied at all. • Transportation system collapsed • Russian military defeats • Millions of dead, wounded Russian soldiers • Czar left capital to personally lead the war • Czarina (Alexandra) ruled • Many hated Czarina because she was German • She let a crackpot monk, Rasputin, influence her with astrology • Czarevitch was a hemophiliac

7. March (February) Revolution, 1917: • The Czar’s guards in St. Petersburg refused to stop food demonstrators. • Instead, the Czar was asked to abdicate to a “provisional government.” • He did. • The Provisional Government, headed by a liberal, ______________, took control • Alexander Kerensky, • began many of the moderate changes people had been demanding. • It had little power outside of St. Petersburg.

8. Bolsheviks • Russian Communists wanted to take control of the government. • The Bolshevik Communists were led by • V.I. Lenin • living in exile in Western Europe and wanted by the Czar’s police. • Bolsheviks offered what most people wanted, • an end to the war. • Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili: • “Stalin” • Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov: • “Lenin”

9. November (October) Revolution, 1917: • On his secret return to Russia, Lenin led a successful toppling of the Provisional Government in St. Petersberg. • Mutinying troops from the front supported the Bolsheviks. • The Communist slogan was (three words) • “peace, land, bread” • What does each word mean? (6) • Peace: • an end to the war with Germany • Land: • all people will share in what the country can provide, there would be no rich people • Bread: • enough food for all

10. Proletariat: • communist term for industrial workers (factory, railroad, miners, urban wage earners). • Russian Marxists worked to organize them into a revolutionary group that would eventually take over the country.

11. Soviet: • A worker and soldier committee. • Soviets were democratically organized • ran political matters in many Russian cities. • Many worked loosely with the Provisional Government.

12. Why did the first revolution (The Provisional Government) fail? • Provisional Government would not take Russia out of the war • It did not solve the economic and social problems

13. Allied Invasion • The Allied nations, were worried about communism spreading to their countries • Four Allies invaded western and eastern Russia. • Britain, • France, • Japan, • the United States

14. Allied Intervention Fails • Invasion failed, why?(4) • Poorly planned, supplied, and led. • Russian people resented invaders more than their problems and the Reds. • The invaders withdrew, but the Russians would not forget it, however. • Distrust of the West (Especially Britain and the US) led to conflict with West until 1990—and, again, today.

15. Russian Civil War: Opponents • Russians who opposed the Communists fought them. • This started the Russian Civil War. • It lasted about four years. EC who were the three sides in the Russian Civil War?(3) • Reds: Bolsheviks • Whites: Czarists, Conservatives, Liberals, Mensheviks, etc, • Greens: Ukrainians wanting independence

16. A new flag symbolized the two popular groups running the nation:

17. Leon Trotsky was responsible for the Red Army. • Commissars: • Bolshevik political officers assigned to discipline the army • teach revolution to troops • make sure officers and soldiers were loyal to • communism • the Communist Party. • Speeches and threats kept soldiers loyal: • every 10th man in a unit would be shot if a unit was judged “poor”.

18. NEP (1921) • Lenin realized that the strict policies were threatening popular support. • To ease things, he started the New Economic Policy. (2) • He allowed small farms and businesses to make profit. • Lenin realized that people worked harder if they could make profit. • Peasants allowed to keep produce and sell at market prices.

19. hwk

20. Image, p. 376 • Question: • Both show why more and more Russians had reason to want the Czar to step down. • The image of Rasputin shows • the Czarina, Alexandra, was out of touch with reality, using astrological and cultic advice from him. • The Fabergé egg shows • the financial waste of the royal family, while people were starving.

21. Standards Check, p. 376 • Question: • Defeats on the war front • Shortages, especially food, at home • Poor decisions by the Tsar and government leaders.

22. Biography: image/excerpt, 377 • Question • The execution of his brother caused Ulyanov (Lenin) to question and reject the Tsarist government

23. Standards Check, p. 377 • Lenin would begin a second, communist revolution. • It would disrupt Russia’s war effort • Lenin agreed to end war with Germany if he took control of Russia.

24. Standards Check, p. 378 • Question: • Soldiers, workers, and peasants did not support the provisional government, because it • continued the war with Germany • Did not address land reform

25. Thinking Critically, 378-9 • Questions • 1 • Russia performed poorly in the war • It was defeated by Germans and continually until it eventually withdrew in 1917. • 2 • Economic conditions got worse • Leaders were preoccupied with the war • Revolutionaries took advantage of widespread unhappiness • They brought about the overthrow of the Provisional Government

26. Standards Check, p. 380 • Question: • The Reds used foreign intervention (UK, US, France, Japan) to rally the Russian people • Supplied Red troops by taking crops from peasants • Trained the Red Army to use terror tactics • Controlled the center of Russia • Punished uncooperative farmers…..

27. Standards Check, p. 381 • Question: • Lenin’s Communist Party ran the country, not the Russian people • The NEP (New Economic Policy) allowed some capitalism.

28. Revolution Review • What were the two revolutions that changed Russia? (name/year) • March Revolution, 1917 • October Revolution, 1917 • Why did the first revolution fail? • Provisional government would not take Russia out of the war • It did not solve the economic and social problems

29. Common Core: • A Letter to the Communist Party • V. I. Lenin, 1922 • handout

30. Brief Response • Explain why there were two revolutions against both the Czarist government and then the Provisional Government?