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Evolution Notes

Evolution Notes. Warm Up- 9/24. Explain “Survival of the Fittest.”. Darwin’s Voyage. Charles Darwin- considered to be the founder of modern evolutionary theory. Darwin’s Voyage. Set sail on the HMS Beagle in 1831 Became the ship’s naturalist Arrived in the Galapagos Islands in 1835

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Evolution Notes

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  1. Evolution Notes

  2. Warm Up- 9/24 • Explain “Survival of the Fittest.”

  3. Darwin’s Voyage • Charles Darwin- considered to be the founder of modern evolutionary theory.

  4. Darwin’s Voyage • Set sail on the HMS Beagle in 1831 • Became the ship’s naturalist • Arrived in the Galapagos Islands in 1835 • Observed that the animals on the islands were similar to those on the mainland

  5. Darwin’s Voyage • On the Origin of Species- established evolution by common descent as the dominant scientific explanation of diversification in nature.

  6. Theory of Evolution • Theory- an explanation of a phenomenon that has been tested over time. • Evolution- the gradual change in the characteristics of a species over time (aka descent with modification)

  7. Theory of Evolution • Species- a group of organisms whose members look alike and successfully reproduce among themselves.

  8. Theory of Evolution • Natural selection- Organisms that are better adapted to an environment are more likely to survive and reproduce (Survival of the fittest). • Artificial selection is the breeding of certain traits over others.

  9. Evidence of Evolution • Similarities in DNA • Fossil Record • Similarities in Body Structure • Vestigial Structures • Similarities in Early Development

  10. Evidence for Evolution • Genetic Material- All living things contain similar DNA, RNA, and proteins. • What are the components of DNA? RNA? • By comparing DNA sequences of two organisms, scientists can determine whether or not the organisms are closely related. • The relationship can then be used to construct evolutionary pathways.

  11. Evidence for Evolution • Fossil Record-Preserved remains of once-living things found in Earth’s rocks.

  12. Evidence for Evolution • Fossils have found that many simpler life forms exist early in Earth’s history. • The oldest fossils found are bacteria that lived 3.8 billion years ago.

  13. Evidence for Evolution • Other kinds of evidence that support organic evolution are adaptations. • Anatomical • Physiological • Behavioral

  14. What do you notice about these structures?

  15. Anatomical Evidence • Homologous structures- bodily structures that are similar in structure, but different in function, due to sharing a common ancestor

  16. AND … what do you notice about these structures?

  17. Anatomical Evidence • Analogous structures- body parts with similar function but differentstructure. Indicate the organisms had different yet related ancestors.

  18. Homework: Evidences of Evolution Due tomorrow

  19. Warm Up- 10/3 Describe what is happening in the picture above.

  20. Warm Up- 10/2 • Why is it beneficial for Salmon fish to lay THOUSANDS of eggs at one time?

  21. Review • Father of Evolution? • Defining Evolution? Criteria? • Natural Selection • Evidences of evolution

  22. *Theory of Evolution • Theory- an explanation of a phenomenon that has been tested over time. • Evolution- the gradual change in the characteristics of a species over time (aka descent with modification)

  23. *Theory of Evolution • Species- a group of organisms whose members look alike and successfully reproduce among themselves.

  24. *Theory of Evolution • Natural selection- Organisms that are better adapted to an environment are more likely to survive and reproduce (Survival of the fittest). • Artificial selection is the breeding of certain traits over others.

  25. *Evidence for Evolution • Genetic Material- All living things contain similar DNA, RNA, and proteins.

  26. *Evidence for Evolution • Fossil Record-Preserved remains of once-living things found in Earth’s rocks.

  27. What do you notice about these structures?

  28. *HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES • Homologous structures- bodily structures that are similar in structure, but different in function, due to sharing a common ancestor

  29. AND … what do you notice about these structures?

  30. *ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES • Analogous structures- body parts with similar function but differentstructure. Indicate the organisms had different yet related ancestors.

  31. What do you notice about these organisms? Take a Look!!

  32. Anatomical Evidence • Embryology- The study of the development of embryos. Can indicate evolution from a common ancestor.

  33. Overproduction- most species produce far more offspring than will/can survive Factors that affect Natural Selection

  34. Factors that affect Natural Selection: Competition- since food and resources are limited, the offspring have to compete to survive Darwin called it: “Struggle for existence”

  35. Factors that affect Natural Selection: Variation- Members within a species have individual differences – these differences must be inheritable. Natural selection won’t work in a population of clones! Remember that a key to variation is sexual reproduction.

  36. Factors that affect Natural Selection: Survival to reproduce: Only those that are better suited to the environment will survive to reproduce. Fit individuals pass on to a portion of their offspring the advantageous characteristics.

  37. Results of Natural Selection • Adaptation- inherited characteristic that increases an organisms chances of survival. • Speciation- formation of a new species • Extinction- disappearance of a species from all parts of its geographical range.

  38. Types of Adaptations • Some adaptations involve changes in the structure of body parts: mimicry and camouflage. • Mimicry- when an organism copies the appearance of another species to protect itself.

  39. MIMICRY

  40. Milk Snake • Coral Snake

  41. Types of Adaptations • Camouflage- an adaptation that enables an organism to blend in with its surroundings.

  42. CAMOUFLAGE

  43. Adaptations The favorable variations are called Adaptations. They are key for survival. These peppered moths are a good example of industrial melanism.

  44. Peppered moth(Example of Genetic Variation) • Why did the population change? • early 1800s = pre-industrial England • low pollution • lichen on trees = light colored bark • late 1800s = industrial • factories = soot coated trees • killed lichen = dark colored bark • mid 1900s = pollution controls • clean air laws • return of lichen = light colored bark

  45. Peppered moth: Evolution in action Year% dark% light 18485 95 1895982 199519 81 ←clean air, light-colored bark ←pollution, dark-colored bark ←Clean Air Act, light-colored bark industrial melanism

  46. Peppered Moth • 2 types: dark vs. light Peppered moth

  47. Types of Speciation Speciation will occur when the gene pools of two populations become separated.

  48. Types of Speciation Behavioral Isolation: multiple species are able to breed, but won’t because different breeding behaviors. Temporal Isolation: Two or more species reproduce at different times.

  49. Quiz What type of isolation is this? • A meadowlarks using 2 different songs to attract mates

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