Chapter 5 Biodiversity and Conservation

2. Chapter 5 Biodiversity and Conservation Section 1: Biodiversity Section2: Threats to Biodiversity Section 3: Conserving Biodiversity

3. Objectives: Describe three types of biodiversity. Explain the importance of biodiversity. Summarize the direct and indirect value of biodiversity. 5.1 Biodiversity

4. Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter 5 5.1 Biodiversity What is biodiversity? 1. Biodiversity is the variety of life in an area that is determined by the number of differentspecies in that area. It increases the stability and health of an ecosystem.

5. Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter 5 5.1 Biodiversity 2. Species diversity, the number of different species in a biological community, increases as you move from the polar regions to the equator.

6. Many medicines are derived from plants or other organisms. Penicillin is derived from bread mold.

7. Scientists continue to find new extracts from plants and other organisms that help in the treatment of human diseases. Madagascar periwinkle

8. Preserving healthy ecosystems is less expensive than using technological advances.

9. Biodiversity and Conservation • Green plants provide oxygen to the atmosphere and remove carbon dioxide. Chapter 5 5.1 Biodiversity • A healthy biosphere provides many services to humans and other organisms that live on Earth. • Natural processes provide drinking water that is safe for human use.

10. Objectives: Describe the biodiversity crisis. Explain the factors that threaen biodiversity. Describe how the decline of a single species can affect an entire ecosystem. 5.2 Threats to Biodiversity

11. Four factors that threaten biodiversity are: overexploitation, habitat loss, habitat fragmentation pollution.

12. Natural resources are all materials and organisms found in the biosphere, including: minerals fossil fuels nuclear fuels plants animals soil clean water clean air solar energy

13. Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter 5 5.2 Threats to Biodiversity

14. Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter 5 5.2 Threats to Biodiversity Factors that Threaten Biodiversity The current high rate of extinction is due to the activities of a single species—Homosapiens.

15. Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter 5 5.2 Threats to Biodiversity • Overexploitation, or excessive use, of species that have economic value is a factor increasing the current rate of extinction. • Examples: • Bison • Passenger pigeons • Ocelot • Rhinoceros Rhinoceros Ocelot

16. Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter 5 5.2 Threats to Biodiversity Habitat Loss • If a habitat is destroyed or disrupted, the native species might have to relocate or they will die. Destruction of Habitat • The destruction of habitat, such as the clearing of tropical rain forests, has a direct impact on global biodiversity.

17. Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter 5 5.2 Threats to Biodiversity Disruption of Habitat • The declining population of one species can affect an entire ecosystem.

18. Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter 5 5.2 Threats to Biodiversity Fragmentation of Habitat Habitat fragmentation is the separation of an ecosystem into small pieces of land. Smaller pieces of land support fewer species. • Fragmentation reduces the opportunities for individuals in one area to reproduce with individuals from another area. • Carving the large ecosystem into small parcels increases the number of edges—creating edge effects.

19. Pollution and atmospheric changes threaten biodiversity and global stability. Carnivores at the higher trophic levels are affected the most. 5.2 Threats to Biodiversity

20. Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter 5 5.2 Threats to Biodiversity Pollution • Biological magnification is the increasing concentration of toxic substances in organisms as trophic levels increase in a food chain or food web. • One example is DDT that threatened the American Bald Eagle.

21. Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter 5 5.2 Threats to Biodiversity Acid precipitationis another pollutant affecting biodiversity by removing nutrients from the soil and harming plants and animals. • Sulfur and nitrogen compounds react with water and other substances in the air to form sulfuric acid and nitric acid. • Acid precipitation removes calcium, potassium, and other nutrients from the soil, depriving plants of these nutrients. Assessing Water Quality

22. Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter 5 5.2 Threats to Biodiversity Eutrophication Eutrophication occurs when fertilizers, animal waste, sewage, etc. flow into waterways, causing extensive algaegrowth. • The algae use up the oxygen supply during their rapid growth and after their deaths during the decaying process. • Other organisms in the water suffocate.

23. An introduced species is an nonnative species brought into a new habitat. Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter 5 5.2 Threats to Biodiversity Introduced Species • Lacking predators, they become invasive species.

24. Objectives: 5.3 Conserving Biodiversity

25. Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter 5 5.3 Conserving Biodiversity Natural Resources An increase in human population increases the need for natural resources. Natural resource consumption is much higher in developed countries. As the standard of living increases, the rate of natural resources consumption increases.

26. Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter 5 5.3 Conserving Biodiversity Renewable resources are resources that are replaced by natural processes faster than they are consumed. Ex. Solar energy, agricultural plants and animals, clean water and clean air. If the demand exceeds the supply of any resource, the resource might become depleted.

27. Nonrenewable resources are resources found in limited amounts or require a long time to replace. Ex. Fossil fuels and mineral deposits

28. Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter 5 5.3 Conserving Biodiversity Sustainable use means using resources at a rate in which they can be replaced or recycled while preserving the long-term environmental health of the biosphere. Conservation of resources includes reducingconsumption, recycling resources, and preserving ecosystems.

29. Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter 5 5.3 Conserving Biodiversity Protecting Biodiversity • Currently, about seven percent of the world’s land is set aside as some type of reserve. • The United Nations supports a system of Biosphere Reserves and World Heritage sites. • The region must have lost at least 70 percent of its original habitat. • These hot spots originally covered 15.7 percent of Earth’s surface, however, only about a tenth of that habitat remains.

30. Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter 5 5.3 Conserving Biodiversity Biodiversity Hotspots Endemic species are species that are only found in that specific geographic area. Visualizing Biodiversity Hot Spots

31. Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter 5 5.3 Conserving Biodiversity Corridors Between Habitat Fragments Habitat corridors, or passageways, connect habitat fragments and allow organisms to move safely from one area to another. A larger piece of land can sustain a wider varietyof species and a wider variety of genetic variation.

32. Two methods of restoring ecosystems are bioremediation and biological augmentation.

33. Biodiversity and Conservation Bioremediation involves the use of living organisms such as prokaryotes, fungi, or plants to detoxify a polluted area. Chapter 5 5.3 Conserving Biodiversity Bioremediation

34. Biological augmentation is the process of adding natural predators to a degraded ecosystem. Aphids are insects that destroy crops. Ladybugs can be used to control aphid infestation. jardinage.wordpress.com Ladybugs help control aphid populations. Photo courtesy of Nature’s Control www.sarracenia.com

35. Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter 5 5.3 Conserving Biodiversity Restoring Ecosystems • The larger the affected area, the longer it takes for the biological community to recover.

36. Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter 5 Chapter Resource Menu Chapter Diagnostic Questions Formative Test Questions Chapter Assessment Questions Standardized Test Practice biologygmh.com Glencoe Biology Transparencies Image Bank Vocabulary Animation Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding lesson.

37. Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter 5 Chapter Diagnostic Questions 1. Which factor is most responsible for the lack of plants in polar regions? heavy grazing by herbivores little precipitation no soil for plants to take root not enough sunlight

38. Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter 5 Chapter Diagnostic Questions 2. What form of pollution is caused by extensive algae growth in waterways? acid precipitation eutrophication biological magnification edge effects

39. Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter 5 Chapter Diagnostic Questions 3. Which is not a renewable resource? solar energy fossil fuels agricultural plants clean water

40. Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter 5 5.1 Formative Questions 4. Which has indirect economic value? ecosystems that decompose wastes organisms that provide food and shelter plants that contain medicinal substances species that have desirable genetic traits

41. Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter 5 5.1 Formative Questions True or False 5. It is likely that some of the world’s unidentified species will have economic value.

42. Biodiversity and Conservation when the ecosystem provides useful services Chapter 5 5.1 Formative Questions 6. When does the aesthetic value of an ecosystem become most apparent? when scientists begin to study the ecosystem when the ecosystem has been destroyed when the ecosystem is given economic value

43. Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter 5 5.2 Formative Questions 7. Which describes the current rate of species disappearance? background extinction mass extinction natural extinction progressive extinction

44. Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter 5 5.2 Formative Questions 8. Where are most extinctions likely to occur in the near future? deserts grasslands tropical forests temperate forests

45. Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter 5 5.2 Formative Questions 9. What is the primary factor that has endangered the North American bison and the white rhinoceros? habitat loss eutrophication overexploitation nonnative predators

46. Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter 5 5.2 Formative Questions 10. What is the number one cause of species extinction today? habitat loss human predators transported diseases background extermination

47. Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter 5 5.3 Formative Questions 11. Which resource is nonrenewable? agricultural plants clean water forest timber mineral deposits

48. Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter 5 5.3 Formative Questions 12. For which human activity is sustainable use not possible? farming logging oil drilling commercial fishing

49. replanting trees in an area affected by Biodiversity and Conservation acid rain enacting a law that protects endangered amphibians introducing natural predators to control a crop pest Chapter 5 5.3 Formative Questions 13. Which is an example of bioremediation? using microorganisms to detoxify an oil spill

50. Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter 5 Chapter Assessment Questions 14. Look at the following figure. Name the process that is occurring with the increasing concentration of DDT.