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Impacts of Tropical Deforestation in Indonesia: A Presentation Overview

Explore the devastating effects of deforestation in Indonesia, focusing on climate change, government corruption, and international policies like REDD. Learn about the role of tropical forests, the country's alarming deforestation trends, and the future prospects for slowing down forest loss.

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Impacts of Tropical Deforestation in Indonesia: A Presentation Overview

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  1. Tropical Deforestation in Indonesia Katrina Severinkatseverin@gmail.comEnergy LawProfessor Fred Bosselman December 8, 2010

  2. Presentation Overview • Impacts of Deforestation - Climate Change • Indonesia - New democracy - Demand for timber, palm oil, biofuels 3. International Policy -REDD, Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation 4. Future Prospects

  3. 1. The Role of Tropical Forests • Filter air • Store and sequester carbon • Afforestation pluses • Store 50% more carbon • Keep the earth cool • Regulate temperature • Adaptation to climate change • Regulate rainfall • Nurture its biodiversity • Provide valuable resources

  4. Deforestation Trends • In 2010, Indonesia fastest deforestation rate in the world • 40% lost since 1950 • In 1900, 170 million hectares, today 98 mh • Losing 2% each year, 1.8 million hectares=7,000 sq miles

  5. 2. Indonesia • Sumatra • Kalimantan • Sulawesi

  6. Top Greenhouse Gas Emitters MtCO2e • peat decomposition • peat fires/slash and burn • forestry/land use changes 2007 World Bank

  7. Causes of Forest Loss in Indonesia • Corrupt rule • Weak protection of • communities rights • Unenforced laws • Short term economic growth

  8. Suharto’s Kleptocracy • 1967 ousted communists • “New Order” regime • Development agenda • natural resource exploitation • State claimed 90% of country’s forest • Military as overseer of forests • Timber concessions as political favors • 62 million hectares to cronies • Subsidies to timber industry

  9. President Yudhoyono: any better? • Former army general, elected in 2004 • “Collusive Democracy” • Pledged 26% GHG emissions cut by 2020 • Transparency International • Corruption Perception Index 110/178 countries • In Suharto’s day, top 5 • Tenure disputes and violent conflicts over ownership rights

  10. Government Promises...yawn • 1980 Ban on log exports • Suharto cornered market • Government Reforestation Fund • $5 billion embezzled • Industrial tree plantation policy • Permits are pretext to liquidate natural forest • 2007 Announced plan to cut forest fires in half • Up 60% • 2011 2 year moratorium on new concessions • New sizeable concessions just granted

  11. Demand for Timber, Palm Oil, and Biofuels • Pulp and paper exports -Demand 4.9 million m3/yr in 1990 to 36.7 million m3/yr in 2008 -APP and April largest exporters -Forestry revenues $20 billion • Largest producer of palm oil • Home to young tree population, increased yields and acreage • Biofuels • Rising global demand for alternatives to carbon-based fuels • Cheap availability of feedstock

  12. 3. International Help? • REDD-Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation • Outcome of governments, NGOs, scientists, and investors • Rich countries pay poor ones • 2005: COP11 Montreal, Papua New Guinea and Costa Rica propose including tropical deforestation into UNFCCC CDM mechanism • 2007: COP13 Bali , REDD approved • 2009: COP15 Copenhagen • Developed countries pledged $4.5 billion for REDD • INVEST –PES

  13. How Do You Count It? • Recognizing seriousness of trend complicated by difficulties in: 1. Creating baseline inventory 2. Determining area 3. Accounting for different rates of deforestation 4. Ineffective, inefficient and immature carbon markets 5. Old growth primary v secondary forest

  14. REDD in Indonesia • Indonesia has 17.5% of all REDD projects globally • Norway promises $1 billion • APP will not move ahead with a 15,000 hectares project in Riau province • Indonesia’s National Council on Climate Change puts opportunity cost of forgoing oil-palm plantation at $30/ton.

  15. COP16: Cancun, Focus REDD • 2010: REDD Partnership, Oslo • 58 countries • Norway and UK pledged cash by 2012 • Forest-carbon credits or carbon tax? • EU- ETS needs to be updated • Need to secure financing • Mechanism for Measuring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) • But.... high level of mistrust

  16. Prospects for success? PNG Indonesia Ownership by state in flux Private sector ill-developed Heavy NGO presence Poor political will Government subsidies for timber plantation development only increasng Uniliver, Kraft, P & G FSC dropped major timber players • Ownership is customary • Private sector developed • Heavy NGO presence • Political will • Office of Climate Change senior officials suspended • Forest Authority instituted timber-legality tracking system • FSC active

  17. 4. Prospects for Slowing Deforestation • Clearer definition of land ownership, title tracts, and contracts • Accountability of local government officials • Withdrawal of development assistance if sustainability goals not met • US needs to show leadership

  18. 4. The Future? • Begin a slow phase out ineffective subsidies of fossil fuels and timber products • Provide free legal assistance clinics in indigenous areas • Develop partnerships between big multinationals • Reign in China who is planting trees by the millions! • Invest in a monitoring, verification, and auditing mechanisms • ... Reformists are gaining ground !

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