Efficient Reading Strategies: Skimming and Scanning for Different Goals

1. Unit 1 Part I Reading for Different Goals Part II Reading Selection Part III Nonprose Reading: Menu Part IV Comprehensive Reading

2. Part One Reading for Different Goals Would you read a menu in the same way as you would a textbook? Efficient readers read differently depending on what they are reading and their goals. There are four basic types of reading behaviors or skills: skimming, scanning, readingforthoroughcomprehension, and criticalreading.

3. Skimming is quick reading for general ideas. When you skim, you move your eyes quickly to acquire a basic understanding of the text. You do not read everything, and you do not read carefully. You read, quickly, such things as the title and subtitles and topic sentences. You also look at pictures, charts, graphs, icons, etc., for clues to what the text is about. Skimming

4. How to Skim? • What to read? The reader should read the first paragraph or two in its entirety at the fastest average rate to grasp the idea of the story, the setting, a little of the author’s style, the tone or mood, and so on..

5. What to leave out. Once the reader has an over view of the selection, he or she should begin immediately to leave out portions of the text in order to achieve a skimming rate. Hence, on the third or fourth paragraph, the reader reads only the key sentence to get the main idea of the paragraph and skips the other part of the paragraph. Of course , it is wise to read the last few paragraphs, because they often summarize.

6. P2 • Use the Web page from CNN.com to answer the following questions. Move quickly from the questions to the Web page. Do not write out your answers completely; just make notes that will help you remember your answers. Your teacher may want to read the questions aloud as you skim to find the answers.

7. Skimming Part One: Reading for Different Goals • Have you ever visited this Web site before? What kind of information would you expect to find here? No. This is the Web site of Cable News Network. This page focuses on technology and computer news.

8. Skimming Part One: Reading for Different Goals 2. Would you use this page to shop online? No. Although all web sites have advertisements and opportunities for you to spend your money, this Web site is primarily for news, not for sales.

9. Skimming Part One: Reading for Different Goals 3. How is the page organized? For example, what kind of information do you find in the columns on the sides of the page? What else is on the page? The center of the page contains a new story of current interest. The column on the left provide links to other pages and to specific information. We would use these items to learn more about the topics addressed here.

10. Skimming Part One: Reading for Different Goals 4. Are there topics here that interest you? Where would you click to learn more? Answers may vary.

11. Scanning is also quick reading, but when you scan, you are looking for information about a question you want to answer. You are usually looking for a number or a word or the name of something. When you scan, you usually take the following steps： 1. Decide exactly what information you are looking for and what form it is likely to take. For example, if you wanted to know how much something cost, you would be looking for a number. If you wanted to know when something will start, you would be scanning for a date or a time. If you wanted to know who did something, you would be looking for a name. Scanning

12. 2. Next, decide where you need to look to find the information. You would turn to the sports section of the newspaper to discover who won a baseball game, and you would scan the "C" section of the phone book for the phone number of Steven Cary. 3. Move your eyes quickly down the page until you find what you want. Read to get the information. 4. When you find what you need, you usually stop reading. Scanning

13. Practice 1(scanning) • 1. How much of the human body is water? • 2. How much water does the average person use for bathing? • 3. How many people die per day from disease related to dirty water? • 4. How many litres of water does it take to make one pair of leather shoes? 1 minute

14. Practice 2(scanning) 2minutes

15. Scanning Part One: Reading for Different Goals 1. If you wanted to return to the main CNN site, where would you click? At the top of the left-hand column, you can click on MAINPAGE.

16. Scanning Part One: Reading for Different Goals 2. If you were preparing for a trip to Montreal and you wanted to know what the weather would be, where could you click? • One option: • In the upper left-hand column, under the CNN.com logo, is a list of the main Web pages, one of which is Weather.

17. Scanning Part One: Reading for Different Goals 3. If you wanted to read news in Spanish, what would you do? At the bottom of the left-hand column under CNN WEB SITES you can click on Spanish.

18. Scanning Part One: Reading for Different Goals 4. If you wanted to read about sports after finishing this story, where would you click? • SPORTS

19. When you read for thorough comprehension, you try to understand the full meaning of the reading. You want to know the details as well as the general meaning of the selection. When you have thoroughly comprehended a text, you have done the following things. 1. You have understood the main ideas and the author's point of view. 2. You have understood the relationships of ideas in the text, including how they relate to the author's purpose. 3. You have understood most of the concepts in the passages as well as the vocabulary. This may require you to guess the meanings of unfamiliar words from context or to look up words in the dictionary. 4. You have begun to note that some of the ideas and points of view that were not mentioned were, however, implied by the author. This is called "drawing inferences." It is the beginning of "critical reading," which will be the focus of the next activity. Reading for Thorough Comprehension

20. Reading for Thorough Comprehension Part One: Reading for Different Goals 1. What is this story about? The installation of Internet connections for on-flight use by airline passengers.

21. Reading for Thorough Comprehension Part One: Reading for Different Goals 2. T / F Air Canada flight 413 was en route from Montreal to Cathay. F (It was a Montreal to Toronto flight.)

22. Reading for Thorough Comprehension Part One: Reading for Different Goals 3. T / F Air Canada has remodeled its first class compartment into office space for travelers. F (No mention of remodeling; merely addition of internet ports.)

23. Reading for Thorough Comprehension Part One: Reading for Different Goals 4. T / F Air Canada is the only airline that is developing online Internet access. F (Cathay Pacific Airline is also developing in-air Internet connectivity.)

24. When we read critically, we draw conclusions and make judgments about the reading. We ask questions such as, “What inferences can be drawn from this? Do I agree with this point of view?” We often do this when we read, but in some cases it is more important than others, as, for example, when authors give opinions about important issues or when you are trying to make a decision. Critical Reading

25. Critical Reading Part One: Reading for Different Goals 1. Who would be likely to use this Web site? Would you bookmark this site on your own computer? People who travel and people who are addicted to internet use.

26. Critical Reading Part One: Reading for Different Goals 2. Would you come to this site if you were interested in buying or selling a used car? No, this is a news page.

27. Critical Reading Part One: Reading for Different Goals 3. T / F / N This Web site contains only news stories. F, (Like all Web sites, you can find all manner of information here. )

28. Critical Reading Part One: Reading for Different Goals 4. Near the bottom of the left column you can subscribe to CNN email lists. Would you do this? What would be the benefits? What would be reasons not to subscribe? Your answer will depend on your tolerance for Internet mail. We find that we get too much unwanted email as it is, and we would not subscribe.

29. Critical Reading Part One: Reading for Different Goals 5. Look again at “Airline Travelers to Go Online While en Route” to answer the following questions. a. T / F / N If you want to surf the Internet while in flight, you must provide your own computer. b. T / F / N At the time this story was written, air travelers were generally not able to use Internet during flights. √ √

30. Critical Reading Part One: Reading for Different Goals Has the situation changed since then? What about the airlines you have used? Are computers available for surfing the Net? Have you used them?

31. Critical Reading Part One: Reading for Different Goals c. T / F / N Marsha Walton was impressed by the demonstration. d. T / F / N This story is an advertisement for Tenzing. e. T / F / N Access to the Internet is available only in first class. √ √ √

32. Critical Reading Part One: Reading for Different Goals f. Note the QUICKVOTE insert in the story. How would you vote? Why? How do you think the rest of the world voted? How would you find out? To discover how people voted, you would click on View Results.

33. Part Three: Nonprose Reading: Menu Part III Nonprose Reading: Menu Nonprose writing consists of disconnected words and numbers instead of the sentences and paragraphs you usually learn to read. Each time you need information from a train schedule, a graph, a menu, an ad, or the like, you must read nonprose material. This exercise and similar exercises that begin subsequent units will help you practice the problem-solving skills you will need in order to read nonprose material.

34. Part Three: Nonprose Reading: Menu • Before You Begin • What are your impressions of this restaurant? Is it similar or different from restaurants with which you are familiar? • 2. Is this the kind of restaurant you would go to for a fancy, formal dinner? Why or why not?

35. Part Three: Nonprose Reading: Menu Scanning Scan the menu to answer the questions • Does this restaurant serve alcoholic drinks? How do you know? • 2. Does this restaurant serve desserts? How do you know? • 3. Does this restaurant serve buffalo meat? • 4. If you don't want to eat pork, list some entries that would avoid No， Assorted Beverages does not list any alcoholic drinks. Yes, there is a section titled “Sweet Delights.” NO. The dishes that mention buffalo are chicken mean prepared with a spicy sauce, not buffalo meat. Just for starter, Select Sides, All the breakfast contain pork except sirloin steak and eggs and chicken-fried steak and eggs.

36. Part Three: Nonprose Reading: Menu Scanning Scan the menu to answer the questions • 5. If you don't eat meat, what are some items you could order at this restaurant? • Among Breakfast Sides, meatless items are • hashed browns, • fresh fruit, • bagel and cream cheese, • blueberry muffin, • biscuit, • toast or English muffin, cereal and eggs.

37. All the sandwiches except the garden burger include meat. Perhaps the soup of the day would be vegetarian. All dinner items include meat. Any of the Sides would be meatless except perhaps the stuffing.

38. Part Three: Nonprose Reading: Menu Scanning Scan the menu to answer the questions • 6. If you don't eat meat, what Breakfast Favorite could you order? • 7. Scan to find the headings Select Sides, Breakfast Sides, and Choose Your Sides. What does sides mean? • 8. If you want fruit for breakfast, what could you order? Every Breakfast Favorite includes some meat, so if you wanted one without meat, you have to ask the waiter if your order could be made without meat. Food that is served alongside main dishes of a meal, food that accompanies the main dishes. Fruit that is in season at the time you are ordering; we don’t know exactly what kind of fruit.

39. Part Three: Nonprose Reading: Menu Scanning Scan the menu to answer the questions • 9. It's six o'clock on a Sunday evening. Can you order eggs and pancakes? • 10. Is tax included in the prices on this menu? • 11. Is a tip for the server included in the prices on this menu? • 12. a. How much does a Classic Burger with French fries and a salad cost? • b. How much does it cost if you also want to have soup? • 13. How much does a piece of pie cost? Yes; the menu says “Breakfast and lunch served 24 hours.” NO NO $4.99+$0.99=$5.98 $4.99+$1.79=$6.78 Don’t know, the menu dose not say.

40. Part Three: Nonprose Reading: Menu Reading for Details • 1. ____ Shrimp is the only seafood served in this restaurant. • 2. ____ Bread always comes with the Classic Dinners. • 3. ____ There is no extra cost for salad if you order a Classic Dinner. • 4. ____ This restaurant has special menu items for children. • 5. ____ You have $6.00. You can afford a Grilled Chicken dinner with rice and a vegetable. • 6. ____ The Breakfast Favorites include your choice of a Breakfast Side. • 7. ____ You can order a baked potato with your Classic Dinner any time before 10 P.M. • 8. ____ If you order a Ham and Cheddar Omelette, potatoes and bread come with it. • 9. ____ This restaurant will prepare food for you to take home to eat. T T F T F F F T T

41. Part Three: Nonprose Reading: Menu Critical Reading • You have $10.00 to spend. What would you order? (Make sure to save enough for tax and tip.) • 2. Do you think many vegetarians eat at this restaurant? Why or why not? • 3. Do you think you would like to eat at this restaurant? Why or why not? Answers may vary. They may find something to eat here, but it may not be their first choice. Answers may vary.

42. Part Three: Nonprose Reading: Menu Critical Reading • 4. Many restaurants give unusual names to their menu items. Sometimes these names have a theme; they’re related to each other in some way. Several items on the Denny’s menu include the word slam, which is a sports term. Which four items on the menu include the word slam? Which of these four items do you think Denny’s has been serving for the longest time? Grand slam is a baseball term. The four items are: Original Grand Slam Breakfast, Scram Slam, All-American Slam, and French Slam. The One served the longest is probably the “Original” Grand Slam Breakfast. A grand slam is a baseball play in which the batter hits a home run when there are runners on all three base. This scores 4 runs, the most possible in a single play.

43. Grand slam 大满贯（grand slam）全垒打是指打者在满垒时（也就是一垒、二垒、三垒都有跑者）打出的全垒打，可一口气得到4分。场内大满贯（inside-the-park grand slam）需兼具两者的特性，非常罕见。 美国职棒大联盟一次出现场内大满贯是在1999年10月3日由坦帕湾魔鬼鱼的Randy Winn所击出的。另外，大满贯也可称为“黄金全垒打”和“满贯全垒打”。

44. Part Two: Reading Selection: Webpage Reading Part Two: Reading Selection： Webpage Reading Web surfing refers to moving from site to site on the World Wide Web, often without a specific purpose. Using a Search engine allows you to search the Web for specific topics.

45. Part Two: Reading Selection: Webpage Reading The following exercises are designed to give you practice in Web-based research. Imagine that you are taking a trip to St. Louis, Missouri, and that you intend to use this opportunity to visit the Expressionist Museum to view an exhibit of paintings by van Gogh and the St. Louis Science Center. You decide to get organized before you go by using the Web to book your flight and your hotel and to get information about the exhibit.

46. Part Two: Reading Selection: Webpage Reading • The first site you visit is GetAways.com. It was one of many sites that popped up when you entered “airline ticket” in your search engine. Your goal is to book a flight and a hotel room. • The first question you might ask yourself is whether you can buy a ticket here. Circle three locations on the Web page where you could start your search. • 2. Circle the place where you will click to begin your hotel search. • 3. If you are interested in entering information to learn about the lowest fares for your trip, which two cities will you enter?

47. Part Two: Reading Selection: Webpage Reading Ji’nan St. Louis

48. Part Two: Reading Selection: Webpage Reading 4. If you click Travel Tips & Advice you will see the following • Air Travel • Booking a flight • On the plane • At the airport • Car Travel • Planning a car trip • Things to bring • Taking the scenic route • Rail Travel • Cruises • Finding the Right Accommodations • Traveling with Children • Traveling with Pets Which link(s) would you click on a. to find out how to get from the airport to your hotel? b. to learn if you can store baggage at the airport? c. to discover how much to tip the pilot of your flight?

49. Part Two: Reading Selection: Webpage Reading The first site you visit is GetAways.com. It was one of many sites that popped up when you entered “airline ticket” in your search engine. Your goal is to book a flight and a hotel room. 5. What is your opinion of this Web site? Will you bookmark it for future use? What are the things you like about it? What do you dislike?

50. Part Two: Reading Selection: Webpage Reading You have purchased your tickets and decided to stay at a hotel near the St. Louis Science Center. You do a search in Maplt.com and come up with the map shown the following page. Answer the questions below using the Web site. 1. Circle the approximate location of your hotel on the map. a. Where would you click to find out if there is bus service near your hotel? b. Where would you click to get the exact address and phone number of the museum you want to visit? 2. Where would you click to find out about travel problems caused by road construction? 3. Where would you click to get directions from your hotel to the museum? 4. How will you find out about restaurants located near your hotel? 5. Where will you go to get more information on how to use the site?