Design & Fabrication 1201

Design & Fabrication 1201 Unit 1 Overview

Unit 1 – 5 Topics • Topic 1: History of Design (1 hour) • SCO 1.1.1 • Topic 2: The Design Process (4 hours) • SCO 1.2.1 • SCO 1.2.2 • Topic 3: Social/Environmental Considerations (2 hours) • SCO 1.3.1 • SCO 1.3.2 • Topic 4: Design for Fabrication (2 hours) • SCO 1.4.1 • SCO 1.4.2 • Topic 5: Careers in Design and Fabrication (1 hour) • SCO 1.5.1

Topic 1: History of Design • Students will be expected to - 1.1.1 Explain the historical development and philosophy of design [3.404, 3.405]

Topic 1: History of Design • Let’s review the historical development of design and how it has evolved from an informal approach to a formal one with defined steps and procedures.

Topic 1: History of Design "Those who do not remember the past are condemned to repeat it."--George Santayana, 1863-1952.

In the beginning... • Around the year 1400, Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446), the italian architect and engineer, won a prestigious opportunity to design and build the cupola (dome) of the "new" cathedral for the city of Florence. Brunelleschi knew this was the chance to make a name for himself that would him famous.

Until that time, however, buildings were not really engineered at all. The craft was then known as artisanship, and basically involved using well-understood principles and trial and error methods of building.

When insurmountable problems are encountered, the entire project is junked and started over again. This contributed to making engineers extremely conservative; innovation was rarely encouraged and often discouraged because of its implied risks.

Once he has developed what he believed were a wide enough assortment of different ideas and concepts for the cathedral, he started looking at the ideas with a more critical eye to how the different concepts would work together.

Then, Brunelleschi did something new. He knew he would have to "subcontract" the construction of the building materials to other people, but he did not want to show them the master plan - for fear of having his idea copied (and poorly at that) before he could finish the project. So he created a large collection of individual drawings.

Brunelleschi completed the cathedral, and it was immediately recognized as one of the most impressive buildings of its kind. Indeed, it still remains a masterpiece of engineering and architecture.

Dome of the Cathedral of Florence

Duomo of Florence

What does this have to do with design? • Brunelleschi had unwittingly invented a design process. • First he did some conceptual design, which included the sketches and ideas in his journal. • He then examined and evaluated the concepts, blending some together and discarding others altogether, leading to a single overall concept of the cathedral; this is concept evaluation. • Brunelleschi then detailed the idea to the level of a master plan - this is detailed design.

Then, Brunelleschi developed all the different parts drawings. In order to do this properly, he needed to keep in mind some sort of assembly process, and make sure that the parts were designed in a way that he could fit them all together on the building's site. This is process planning. The parts were then "outsourced" for manufacture, and assembled on-site.

Because of the immense success of the project, this basic process: • conceptual design, • concept evaluation, • detailed design, • process planning, • manufacture, • and assembly This became the standard way that buildings, and eventually everything else, was engineered.

The Dark Ages • Science and technology began to take hold and lead to a variety of impressive discoveries that allowed all kinds of new products to be developed. No one noticed how poorly designed the products were because they were in whatever form they took far superiour to their predecessors.

Indeed, it should be quite obvious that a process that worked 500 years ago cannot possibly be expected to work well in modern times. Brunelleschi worked in a time without electricity, without running water, without mechanical pencils or ballpoint pens. Brunelleschi died when the Earth was still the centre of the universe

Brunelleschi didn't have: • Concrete • welding equipment • structural steel • telephones or telegraphs

Brunelleschi used only stone, wood, and ceramic/terracottas for his work. "Nails" were made of wood. • Chemistry had not yet been invented. • The world was still flat and would remain so for about 100 years. • Germs would not be discovered for 500 years. • There was no such thing as mass production.

However… • Despite all of the technological advantages of contemporary engineers and designers, design and fabrication was not nearly as efficient as it is today.

Quick Brain Break • What do you think are some historically significant designs? • Why have these designs stood the test of time? • Which of today’s designs do you think will remain significant in the future?

The Renaissance of Design • By the 1970's, concurrent design developed into the notion of a Tiger Team (imported from Japan), a team that included expertise from every stage of the product development process who would coordinate and manage the entire process of developing a particular product. • This means for example that during design, manufacturing engineers are available to comment on a design while it is being developed.

Within just a few years, concurrent engineering had turned the product development world - and design - upside down. • By putting a team in charge of product development, instead of just one person, documentation was absolutely fundamental to ensure that the team was well coordinated. • This same documentation because invaluable to track progress on the design and document decisions as they are made.

This caused radical improvements to: • product quality, • scheduling, • management, and • cost.

For example, in the 1980's, it was quite common for companies who switched from conventional to concurrent engineering practices to experience improvements of more than 100% in engineering costs, quality, and other key measures of engineering performance.

And into the future… • The changes continue. The interest in engineering design worldwide has been increasing over the last 10 years, and many new initiatives are on-going, some of which will further revolutionize engineering deisgn in the years to come.

Great Achievements • http://www.greatachievements.org/

Resources • http://www.greatachievements.org/ • http://deed.ryerson.ca/~fil/t/history0.html • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Cathedral • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi

Design & Fabrication 1201