1 / 53

PSYCHOLOGY

PSYCHOLOGY. Social Relations Topics: prejudice, aggression, conflict, attraction, altruism, peacemaking. General Objectives. Study research findings on prejudice, aggression, conflict, attraction, altruism, peacemaking Identify factors that contribute to each social relation.

spyridon
Download Presentation

PSYCHOLOGY

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. PSYCHOLOGY Social Relations Topics: prejudice, aggression, conflict, attraction, altruism, peacemaking

  2. General Objectives • Study research findings on prejudice, aggression, conflict, attraction, altruism, peacemaking • Identify factors that contribute to each social relation

  3. MODULE OBJECTIVESAfter completing their study of this module, students should be able to: • 1. Describe the social, emotional, and cognitive factors that contribute to the persistence of cultural, ethnic, and gender prejudice and discrimination. • 2. Describe the impact of biological factors, aversive events, and learning experiences on aggressive behavior. • 3. Discuss the effects of pornography and violent video games on social attitudes and relationships. • 4. Explain how social traps and mirror-image perceptions fuel social conflict. • 5. Describe the influence of proximity, physical attractiveness, and similarity on interpersonal attraction. • 6. Explain the impact of physical arousal on passionate love, and discuss how companionate love is nurtured by equity and self-disclosure. • 7. Describe and explain the bystander effect, and explain altruistic behavior in terms of social exchange theory and social norms. • 8. Discuss effective ways of encouraging peaceful cooperation and reducing social conflict.

  4. Module Objective • 1. Describe the social, emotional, and cognitive factors that contribute to the persistence of cultural, ethnic, and gender prejudice and discrimination.

  5. What are the 3 general roots of prejudice? • Social • Emotional • Cognitive

  6. What are the 3 general roots of prejudice? 1. Social inequalities • Ingroups & outgroups • Ingroup bias

  7. 3 general roots of prejudice • Emotional a) Scapegoat theory

  8. 3 general roots of prejudice 3. Cognitive roots Categorization • Vivid cases • Just-world Phenomenon

  9. Social Relations • Americans today express much less racial and gender prejudice

  10. Prejudice • Blatant down, subtle lingers • Research: pleasant words w/pictures of faces, evaluating essays, shooting man in Bronx, speeding tickets to minority, women in poverty & w/out schooling • Fig 55.2 p. 727

  11. Social Relations • Does perception change with race?

  12. Social Relations • Prejudice (prejudgment) • an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members • involves stereotyped beliefs • negative feelings • a predisposition to discriminatory action

  13. Prejudice • Prejudgment colors our perception • Stereotype • a generalized (sometimes accurate, but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people • Ex. Overweight , Carnies, Athlete • picture of whiteman shoving a black man

  14. Roots of Prejudice • Why does prejudice arise? • Social Inequalities • Develop attitudes to justify - rationalize inequalities Ex. They are slaves because they are lazy, irresponsible, & ignorant b) Self-fulfilling prophecy c) Blame the victim dynamic

  15. Roots of Social Prejudice Why does prejudice arise? • Social Division What groups do you belong to? • Ingroup “Us”- people with whom one shares a common identity (cliques) • Outgroup “Them”- those perceived as different or apart from one’s ingroup

  16. Social Division continued c) Ingroup Bias • tendency to favor one’s own group • Dispised outgroups can boost ingroups self esteem • Feeling failure or insecurity? Restored by disparaging a rival or another person • Bully behavior

  17. Roots of Emotional Prejudice Why does prejudice arise? 3. Emotional roots a) Scapegoat Theory • theory that prejudice provides an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame • When things go wrong we look to blame • Temporary frustration intensifies prejudice

  18. Cognitive Roots of Prejudice 4. Cognitive roots • a) Categorize • Stereotypes bias our perception • Ex. Game on radio w/ black vs. white pict • Overestimate similarity with groups other than our own • Ex. Penguins • b) Vivid Cases (available heuristic) • Tendency to judge frequency of events by instances the readily come to mind

  19. Social Relations • Vivid cases (9/11 terrorists) feed stereotypes

  20. Cognitive Roots of Prejudice c. Just-World Phenomenon • tendency of people to believe the world is just • people get what they deserve and deserve what they get • Good rewarded, Evil punished also connected to Hindsight bias

  21. Module Objective • 2. Describe the impact of biological factors & psychological factors such as aversive events, and learning experiences on aggressive behavior. • 3. Discuss the effects of pornography and violent video games on social attitudes and relationships.

  22. Stat • You have a lower chance of being murdered if you live outside the U.S. • Why is the U.S. more prone to violence?

  23. What is Aggression? • Aggression any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

  24. Biology of Aggression • Genetic Influences Animals have been bred for aggression Twin studies suggest gene influence also • Neural Influence violent criminals have diminished activity in frontal lobe • Biochemical Influences Hormones - testosterone

  25. Psychology of Aggression • Aversive Events Frustration-Aggression Principle principle that frustration – the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal – creates anger, which can generate aggression examples of aversive stimuli: hot temp, physical pain, insult

  26. Psychology of Aggression 2. Learned behavior • reinforcement for aggressive behavior • observation • social influence (lack of father)

  27. Social Relations

  28. Sexual Aggression & media • What are the effects of pornography and violent shows & video games on social attitudes and relationships? • Research findings: • Identify a minimum of 5 effects based on research - use your textbook

  29. Sexual aggression in media - research findings • Desensitization to cruelty • Primes aggressive behaviors - increases aggressive thoughts, behaviors, & emotions • Increased acceptance of force/violence, Sets a norm for behavior • Set social scripts - models of behavior • View spouse as less attractive • View friendliness as sexual

  30. Sexual aggression in media - research findings Zillmann & Bryant research: • People who watched pornography were more likely to give a rapist a lighter sentence • Dangerous social scripts are created

  31. Social Relations • Men who are sexually coerce women

  32. Venting through video games? • Catharsis hypothesis - the idea that we feel better if we “blow off steam” by venting our emotions • Research says - Expressing anger breeds more anger……

  33. Module Objective • 4. Explain how social traps and mirror-image perceptions fuel social conflict.

  34. Social Relations Conflict • perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas • Ex. Former U.S.S.R. vs U.S., a couple filling for divorce - Jen & Brad • What social processes fuel conflict? Or Social dilemmas?

  35. Fuel for conflict 1. Social Trap • a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior • Also known as TFT (Tit for tat) or non-zero-sum game • Ex. Ballot, whaling created endangered species, nuclear proliferation, global warming due to fossil fuels

  36. Person 1 Choose A Choose B Optimal outcome Person 2 Choose B Choose A Probable outcome Social Relations • Social trap • by pursuing our self-interest and not trusting others, we can end up losers

  37. Princess Bride clip Characters: Fesik Princess Buttercup Dread Pirate (farmboy Wesley)

  38. Fuel for conflict • Distorted perceptions Enemy perceptions - distorted diabolical images, demonization of the the other • Mirror image perceptions • ex. G. Bush vs. S. Hussein both viewed each other as evil tyrants Other that intensify conflict: Self-serving bias, fundamental attribution error, stereotypes, polarization, group think • Ex. Cold War

  39. Module Objectives • 5. Describe the influence of proximity, physical attractiveness, and similarity on interpersonal attraction. • 6. Explain the impact of physical arousal on passionate love, and discuss how companionate love is nurtured by equity and self-disclosure.

  40. Attraction • 3 factors that influence like: • Proximity • Mere Exposure Effect • repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them • Ex. Mrs. Sauter married my neighbor

  41. factors that influence like: • 2. Physical attraction - appearance • Social opportunities • Perception • Ex. Love ET, safety in own features • 3. Similarity • Breds contentment

  42. Social Relations- Attractiveness • Conceptions of attractiveness vary by culture

  43. Romantic Love 2 kinds of love 1. Passionate Love an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another; usually present at the beginning of a love relationship 2. Companionate Love deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

  44. Social Relations These strengthen the bond Equity a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it Self-Disclosure revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

  45. Module Objectives • 7. Describe and explain the bystander effect, and explain altruistic behavior in terms of social exchange theory and social norms. • 8. Discuss effective ways of encouraging peaceful cooperation and reducing social conflict.

  46. Being good • Altruism • unselfish regard for the welfare of others • Ex. After 9/11 more good than bad • Kitty Genovese case 1964 - violated this concept, Why?

  47. Social Relations • Bystander Effect • tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

  48. Social Relations • The decision-making process for bystander intervention

  49. Bystander effect • Situational factors - presence of others Can lead to diffusion of responsibility (people assume someone else took care of the situation) • Ex. Mega mall - lost boy • Notice, Interpret, Assume responsibility

  50. Doing good Social Exchange Theory • the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs • Reciprocity Norm - social norm that people who help others will receive equivalent benefits from these others in return

More Related