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Goal 5: Ecology

Ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and their environments, exploring questions about food sources, growth conditions, and migration patterns. Life is supported by both biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) factors, which are organized into five levels: organism, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere. Important concepts include habitat vs. niche and the different types of symbiotic relationships, such as mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for preserving our ecosystems and biodiversity.

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Goal 5: Ecology

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  1. Goal 5: Ecology

  2. Why Study Ecology • Ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and their environments • Ecologist ask questions such as: • “What does a coyote eat” • “How does temperature affect the growth of plants” • “How does day length affect bird migration”

  3. Bio= life • The sphere of life consists of living and nonliving factors. It supports all life. • Biotic= living • Abiotic=non-living

  4. Make a Column of Biotic and Abiotic Factors • BIOTIC • -bacteria • -grass • -fungus • -fish • -mushrooms • ABIOTIC • -air • -water • -nitrogen • -dirt • -sun

  5. Name the Abiotic and Biotic Factors

  6. Levels of Organization

  7. Organizing Living Things in Ecology • First level (most specific)- Organism • Individual living thing • 2nd Level - Population • Group of organisms all of one species

  8. Organization continued • 3rd Level - Biological Community • All the living (biotic) populations of species that live in the same place at the same time

  9. Organization cont. • 4th level - Ecosystem • Both biotic and abiotic things that interact with each other in given area at the same time

  10. Finally…… The last level • Fifth and biggest level - Biosphere • Portion of Earth that supports living things

  11. Organisms in EcosystemsHabitat vs. Niche • Habitat = the place where an organism lives out it’s life • Where you live • One habitat can have many niches • Niche = strategies and adaptations a species uses in its environment • Organism’s role in the habitat • More than one species can not occupy the same niche in a location.

  12. Bellringer • Relate each one of the characteristics of life to the human body. • Example: Genetic Code: My genetic information is contained in DNA and RNA

  13. 5.01a Identify and describe symbiotic relationships • Symbiosis = "intimate living together" between different species. • Refers to the different relationships that can exist between organisms 1. Mutualism (+,+) 2. Commensalism (+, 0) 3. Parasitism (+, -) 4. Predator-Prey cycle

  14. Mutualism

  15. Mutualism – clownfish and anemone The clownfish gets protection from the anemone and in return protects the anemone from fish that would eat it (angelfish); the clownfish also keeps the anemone free of dirt and debris http://www.bigfishhooked.com/clown_fish_and_anenome.jpg

  16. Mutualism – Lichens and Algae Lichens consist of a fungus with an algae or photosynthetic bacterium living inside the fungus. The alga provides food for both of them and the fungus provides a habitat for the alga. tbnid=7aE_8wrZkK9LJM:&tbnh=111&tbnw=148&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlichen%26start%3D20%26ndsp%3D20%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN

  17. Mutualism – Ant and Aphid • Aphids provides honeydew sugar for ants. Ants protect the aphids from predators and parasites. http://www.richsoil.com/antsandaphids/ants_aphids_sugar.jpg

  18. Mutualism – sea slug with algae The algae lives in the sea slug and makes food for both of them – in return it gets a place to live. http://www.calacademy.org/science_now/new_species/melibe_digitata.html

  19. Nitrogen fixing nodules Bacteria in the nodules can take nitrogen gas from the atmosphere and turn it into a form that can be used by the plant; in return, the plant protects the bacteria from harmful oxygen and the bacteria get food from the plant. http://www.mobot.org/gardeninghelp/images/pests/179.jpg

  20. Mutualism - pollination Many plants depend on pollinators for their reproduction. They provide nectar to attract these pollinators. So the pollinator gets fed and the plant gets reproduced! http://www.life.uiuc.edu/help/digitalflowers/picts/Asteraceae/15-Liatris%20pollination.jpg

  21. Protozoans in cow’s stomach These protozoans along with bacteria help the cow by digesting cellulose; cows don’t have the enzymes to do this. The protozoans and bacteria get a place to live and a continual food source. This is a valuable mutualistic relationship. http://commtechlab.msu.edu/sites/dlc-me/zoo/zac0278.jpg

  22. Ants and Acacia Trees • Acacia provides ants with a protein rich secretion. Ants protect tree from herbivores. http://www.agrotours.com/bio/cr13.jpg

  23. Commensalism

  24. Cattle Egret - Commensalism The cattle stir up grasshoppers and other insects that the egret likes to eat. There is no apparent benefit to the cow.

  25. Commensalism – shark and remora The remora benefits by getting food from the shark’s meal. But there is no apparent benefit to the shark. http://www.scubaduba.com/gallery/shark2.jpg

  26. Commensalism – whale and barnacle Barnacle larvae attach to the whale. The barnacle has a habitat. Whale is not harmed. • http://www.coolantarctica.com/Antarctica%20fact%20file/wildlife/whales/humptail.jpg

  27. Parasitism

  28. Parasitism Tick feeds on the blood of the host. The host loses blood or is subject to infection/death.

  29. Mistletoe – a plant parasite Mistletoe lives off the branches and stems of Other trees. The tree can be very harmed. http://www.wcosf.org/other_photos/Mistletoe_1_600.JPG

  30. Predator-Prey In a predator-prey relationship one organism benefits and the other is killed.

  31. Predator-Prey Cycle Prey Population = Predator Population More predators = more prey eaten Less predators = less prey they eat Prey Population Goes = Predator Population Goes Predator: hunts: wolf Prey: hunted: rabbit

  32. Bubble Map • Symbiotic Relationships • Benefit • Harmed • No effect • Mutualistic • Commensalism • Parasitism • ** Examples of Each

  33. We will be planting Great Northern Beans to grow plants. In your group, you must decide on an experiment that you want to perform. • Brainstorm Ideas. Choose one. • What do you want to find out? Can you develop an experiment to answer your question? Does your question make sense? Is it confusing? • Step 2: Hypothesis • What do you think will happen? BE SPECIFIC! Use complete sentences. • Step 3: Start developing a procedure

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