Review for TCAP

1. Review for TCAP Mykandrea Cozart

2. Components of universe All the objects and energy in space make up the universe a star is an object in space that gives off its own light and heat. Stars come in all sizes. our sun is a medium star Stars are made of hydrogen and helium A planetary system is a star and its planets Hundreds of planets moving around other stars have already been discovered

3. COMPONENTS OF UNIVERSE CONTINUED • A GALAXY IS A HUGE FAMILY OF STARS • The three main shapes of galaxies are spiral galaxies , elliptical galaxies and irregular galaxies • Spiral galaxies have a thick bunch of stars in the middle surrounded by stars arranged in spiral arms • Elliptical galaxies form shapes like balls or flat discs • Irregular galaxies do not form any particular shape • A black hole is a region of space in which gravity is much stronger • A quasar is a powerful active galaxy located far beyond our own

4. Distance and appearance • A moon is a natural satellite of a planet • The moon is 400 times smaller than the sun • A dwarf planet is a small planet, like pluto • An asteroid is a large chunk of rock that orbits the sun • A comet small clumps of rocks, dust, an dice that glow and form tails • A planet is a large round object that travels in a set path

5. Day vs. month vs. year • An is an imaginary line through the center of a planet or other object • Earth rotates on its axis • To rotate is to spin on an axis Year- The year is based on the revolution of the Earth around the Sun. It takes about one year for the Earth to make one revolution around the sun Month - The month is based on the revolution of the Moon around the Earth. The separation of the days in our year into months is based on the amount of time it takes the moon to revolve around the Earth. It actually takes about 27.3 days for the Moon to make one revolution around the Earth.

6. Explain moon phases • It's probably easiest to understand the moon cycle in this order: new moon and full moon, first quarter and third quarter, and the phases in between. • As shown in the above diagram, the new moon occurs when the moon is positioned between the earth and sun. The three objects are in approximate alignment (why "approximate" is explained below). The entire illuminated portion of the moon is on the back side of the moon, the half that we cannot see. • At a full moon, the earth, moon, and sun are in approximate alignment, just as the new moon, but the moon is on the opposite side of the earth, so the entire sunlit part of the moon is facing us. The shadowed portion is entirely hidden from view. • The first quarter and third quarter moons (both often called a "half moon"), happen when the moon is at a 90 degree angle with respect to the earth and sun. So we are seeing exactly half of the moon illuminated and half in shadow. • Once you understand those four key moon phases, the phases between should be fairly easy to visualize, as the illuminated portion gradually transitions between them. • An easy way to remember and understand those "between" lunar phase names is by breaking out and defining 4 words: crescent, gibbous, waxing, and waning. The word crescent refers to the phases where the moon is less that half illuminated. The word gibbous refers to phases where the moon is more than half illuminated. Waxing essentially means "growing" or expanding in illumination, and waning means "shrinking" or decreasing in illumination

7. Tides

8. Four Seasons • Tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the Sun and Moon on ocean water. Because the Earth is shaped like a ball, there is always an area on Earth that is closer to the Moon than the other areas. The Moon has a gravitational pull. So when the area on Earth that is closest to the Moon is an ocean, the Moon's gravity pulls the water "upward." In fact, the water forms a "dome" above the Earth's surface as it is pulled toward the Moon. When a body of water is in a "dome" phase, this is called high tide. Tides are caused by the Sun in the same way that they are caused by the Moon. However, because the Sun is so much farther away from the Earth than the Moon, the gravitational force of the Sun upon the water is much less, resulting in lower tides. Tides caused by the Moon are called lunar tides and tides caused by the Sun are called solar tides

9. Solar vs. Lunar Eclipse • During a solar eclipse, light from the Sun is blocked out of view for a certain part of the Earth by the Moon. During a solar eclipse, the order of the Sun, Earth, and Moon looks like the following. • During a lunar eclipse, light from the Sun is kept from reaching the Moon because it is blocked by the Earth. During a lunar eclipse, the order of the Sun, Earth, and Moon looks like the following.

10. Inquiry

11. Inquiry Continued

12. Inquiry continued

13. Interdependence • The organization of communities is based on the use of energy from the Sun within a given ecosystem. Organisms within a community are dependent on the survival of the other organisms because energy is passed from one organism to another. The Sun's energy cycles through ecosystems. Producers absorb the Sun's energy and pass this to consumers, which eat producers. Finally, decomposers break down producers and consumers and allow the energy to go back into the nutrient pool

14. Interdependence

15. Interdependence

16. Interdependence

17. : Interdependence

18. Interdependence • A food web shows multiple interrelated food chains. Organisms within a food web can belong to more than one trophic level, or feeding level. For example, in the food web below, krill are both primary and secondary consumers. Krill are primary consumers because they eat phytoplankton, which are producers. Krill are also secondary consumers because they eat carnivorous zooplankton, which are primary consumers. Organisms which use both plants and animals for food are called omnivores.A trophic level describes the feeding level that an organism belongs to. Producer, decomposer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, and tertiary consumer are all trophic levels that can be used to describe an organism’s place in an ecosystem

19. Interdependence • Producers make up the bottom layer of an energy pyramid. Most of the stored energy in an ecosystem is in plants and other producers. The reason for this is because most of the energy in an energy pyramid is used or lost as heat energy as it moves up the pyramid. In fact, only about ten percent of the energy produced at each level is available to the one above it. This is the reason that consumers in an ecosystem cannot outnumber producers and predators cannot outnumber prey