Download
1 / 19
190 likes | 365 Views
TCAP Review. By Emily Nolan. The Atmosphere. What about the climate differences ?.
E N D
TCAP Review By Emily Nolan
What about the climate differences ? • CLIMATE DIFFERENCES: COASTAL VS. INLAND—Oceans also have a major effect on climate. Water absorbs solar energy without changing temperature much. This means that ocean temperature remains within a small range throughout the year, even when the amount of solar energy received is changing. This explains why the climate in coastal areas changes less with the seasons than areas that are far away from the coast.
Atmosphere vocabulary • OCEAN CURRENTS—The uneven heating of the Earth's surface creates energy flow. Winds and ocean currents flow from warmer areas to colder areas, which means that they travel from the equator toward the poles. • WIND: LAND BREEZES & SEA BREEZES—In coastal areas during the day, the land heats up more than the ocean. This uneven heating causes wind to blow from the ocean to the land during the day, as the warm air over the land rises, and the cooler ocean air moves in to take its place. These winds are called sea breezes. • SEASONS—The Earth's seasons occur because of the tilt of the Earth's axis. When either the Northern Hemisphere or the Southern Hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun, it is receiving the most solar radiation and is experiencing summer. When it is tilted away from the Sun, it is receiving the least amount of radiation and is experiencing winter. • CLIMATE DIFFERENCES: COASTAL VS. INLAND—Oceans also have a major effect on climate. Water absorbs solar energy without changing temperature much. This means that ocean temperature remains within a small range throughout the year, even when the amount of solar energy received is changing. This explains why the climate in coastal areas changes less with the seasons than areas that are far away from the coast.
More vocabulary • CLIMATE DIFFERENCES: COASTAL VS. INLAND—Oceans also have a major effect on climate. Water absorbs solar energy without changing temperature much. This means that ocean temperature remains within a small range throughout the year, even when the amount of solar energy received is changing. This explains why the climate in coastal areas changes less with the seasons than areas that are far away from the coast. • SEASONS—The Earth's seasons occur because of the tilt of the Earth's axis. When either the Northern Hemisphere or the Southern Hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun, it is receiving the most solar radiation and is experiencing summer. When it is tilted away from the Sun, it is receiving the least amount of radiation and is experiencing winter. • Currents – continuous, directed movements of ocean water that are produced by forces acting upon the water. Surface ocean currents are primarily formed by winds that cause the water to move in the direction that the wind is blowing. Deep ocean currents form due to Earth's gravity—different sections of ocean water sink and rise as currents due to differences in density. These density differences are caused by differences in salinity and temperature.
Even more vocabulary!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! • Tides – rising and falling of the water level caused by the gravitational forces of the moon and the sun • Waves - vertical movements of water, typically involving waves moving towards the shore and breaking in shallow water near the coastline
Atmospheric Convection • The Sun is the ultimate driving force for weather and climate patterns on Earth. Due to Earth's shape, position, and movement through space, the Sun heats Earth's atmosphere unevenly. Only half of Earth receives sunlight at one time. In addition, solar rays are more concentrated at the equator than at areas of higher latitude. Thus, some parts of the atmosphere become warmer than other parts. When air heats up, it becomes less dense and rises. Colder, denser air sinks and moves in to take the place of the rising, warmer air. This constant circulation of air is driven by temperature differences, and is called convection.
Wind • Warm air has a lower pressure than cool air. Warm air molecules are spread out; therefore, they do not place a lot of pressure on the area beneath. Cool air molecules gathered close together place greater pressure on the area beneath.To maintain a balance, air masses flow from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure. It is during this process that wind is produced. The uneven heating of the Earth is the cause of weather differences like low- and high-pressure zones, strong and light winds, temperature differences, stormy and fair weather, humid and dry conditions, and stable and unstable air conditions. Low pressure areas tend to have stormy weather and stronger winds. High pressure areas tend to have fair weather and light winds.
Electricity • Energy is the ability to do work. Electrical energy is the energy of charged, moving particles called electrons. Electrical energy can be used to move objects or to produce light, heat, sound, and also magnetic fields. • Electrical energy, also referred to as electricity, is used to run many different machines and tools. For example, electricity is used to power: • computers ,heaters , hair dryers, lights, refrigerators, stereos, & many more things.
Conductors & Insulators Conductors are materials that allow electricity to easily flow through them. Insulators are materials that stop the flow of electricity. • The following materials are electrical conductors: metals & water. • Wire is made of metal, which is a conductor. The following materials are electrical insulators: wood, plastic, cloth, & rubber. • The coating on the outside of electrical cords is made of plastic or rubber, which are insulators.
CIRCUITS • A circuit, such as the one shown above, must have an energy source, a load, and a means to carry the electricity through the circuit (usually wires). • Energy source—Every circuit must have a source of electrical energy, such as a battery, which pushes the electric current around the circuit. • Wire—Every circuit must have a material that connects the parts of the circuit together and carries electric current. Often, this material is metal wire wrapped in a coating of plastic or rubber. • Load—The load, or receiver, such as a light bulb or appliance, changes electrical energy to another kind of energy like light, heat, motion, or sound. • Switch—Circuits usually have switches. If closed, the switch completes the circuit and allows current to flow. But if the switch is open, it prevents current from flowing. • An electrical circuit must run in a complete loop. When there is no break in the loop, it is a closed circuit. When there is a break in the loop, it is an open circuit. Electricity will not flow in an open circuit. • Open circuits are incomplete circuits. These are "broken" circuits in which there is no complete path for current flow.
More About Circuits • There are two main types of circuits: series circuits and parallel circuits. • A disadvantage of using series circuits is that a break anywhere in the path stops the flow of electricity in the entire circuit so any receivers connected to the circuit turn off. Some Christmas lights are made using series circuits. If one bulb burns out, all the lights on that string turn off. • The advantage to this type of circuit is that if there is a break in one branch, the other branches (and the receivers attached to them) will still work.
Mechanical Energy • Mechanical energy is the energy that an object has due to its motion or its position. It can be further classified as kinetic energy, or energy of motion, and potential energy, or stored energy of position.
Heat Energy • Heat energy can be created when matter undergoes a chemical change (burning wood or coal) or when it is produced by another form of energy. It can transfer from a warmer object to a colder object. • Some electrical stuff produces heat. The reason for them to put off heat energy because with all of the particles moving around and they get so warm that they make the thing so hot.
consumers • Consumers are organisms that gain energy by eating producers and/or other consumers. Primary consumers are organisms that feed off of producers. Herbivores are primary consumers. For example, a deer that eats grass is a primary consumer. Secondary consumers are organisms that eat primary consumers. Carnivores are secondary consumers. A wolf that kills and eats a deer is a secondary consumer. Next come tertiary consumers, then quaternary consumers, and so forth until the top carnivore is reached.
producers • Producers are organisms that use the Sun's energy to make their own food. Green plants are producers. They make their own food using energy from the Sun in a process called photosynthesis. Other producers include algae and some kinds of bacteria and protests.
