Manure and Odor Management Systems for Swine Operations 猪场的粪便和臭气管理系统

1. Manure and Odor Management Systems for Swine Operations猪场的粪便和臭气管理系统 作者：Steve Pohl Agricultural Engineer 农业工程师

2. Environmental Impact of Swine Manure猪粪对环境的影响 1-2

3. Environmental Benefits of Manure猪粪对环境的好处 • N leaching potential 减少氮沥滤作用 •  soil erosion & runoff 减少土壤侵蚀和径流 •  soil carbon …. 土壤的碳增加 •  crop productivity 提高作物生产率 • Replace energy intensive N fertilizer & limited resource P fertilizer 能够省下因制造无机氮肥导致的巨大能耗，还能节约磷肥资源

4. Summary of potential manure contaminants of water quality, the associated environmental risk, and most common pathway to water.小结：粪便物质对水质的污染 、有关的环境危害以及对水质最常见的污染途径

5. Manure Storage 2 2 2 Septic Tank What are the Pathways by which Manure Contaminates Water?粪便造成水污染的途径 降雨 Precipitation 地下水位 储粪罐 5 不饱和区 4 Unsaturated Zone Water Table 地下水位 Sand & Gravel Aquifer Bedrock 1 化粪池 3 Private Well 含水沙土层 私人水井 基岩 • Surface runoff 地表水径流 • Well casings井壁保护层 • Ammonia deposition氨沉降 • Leaching to groundwater沥滤入地下水 • Macropore flow大孔流 1-5

7. Planning and Evaluation of Manure Storage对储粪设施的规划和评述 20-7

8. Why Do We Store Manure?为什么要储存粪便？ • To reduce the need for frequent hauling and land spreading 避免频频装运和施肥 • To allow land spreading at a time when soil and climatic conditions are suitable 在土壤和气候条件都适宜时进行施肥 • To allow nutrient application at or near the crop’s growing season 在接近和正处于作物栽培季节时进行施肥

9. Manure Storage Types储粪设施的类型

10. Commonly UsedManure Storage Facilities通常应用的储粪设施 • Based primarily on type and consistency of manure 主要根据粪便的类型和质地 • Solid 固体 • Slurry 粪浆 • Liquid 液体

11. 带圈舍的 敞开式牧场 舍饲 系统类型 径流 固体物 稀释 去除 固体物 粪浆 4～15% 固体物 土质储粪池 0～2% 固体物 厌氧发酵池 0～4% 固体物 固体物 多于15% 处理和储存 农田施肥 植被过滤 抽吸灌溉设备 真空罐或 重型泵槽车 施肥机

12. Under-floor Deep Pit Manure Storage地下深坑储粪坑 真空抽吸口 地下储粪坑

13. Totally Slatted Deep Pit (3 meters deep) Finishing Barn全条板深坑(3米深)-肥育舍

14. Shallow Gutter Manure Storage浅储粪槽 18米 18 meters (两端出口) (一端出口)

15. Slurry Manure Storage粪浆储存Outside Tanks 户外储粪罐 • Usually concrete or glass-lined steel tanks.通常是水泥结构或是内衬玻璃的钢板结构 • Manure may be pumped or flow into tank by gravity. 粪便可用泵抽吸入罐或者靠重力流入罐内 • Agitation is necessary. 需要进行搅动 • Tanks may be covered for odor control. 可将罐盖上，以防臭气四散 20-15

16. Slurry Manure Storage粪浆储存Earthen Basins土质储粪池 • Usually less costly than tanks建造成本低于储粪罐 • Can accommodate some lot runoff 可容纳露天牧场的一部分径流水 • Requires soils investigation and seal construction需要调查土层情况并建造密封层 • Mowing and berm maintenance required需要对护道进行保养并修剪护道区的植被

17. Slurry Manure Storage粪浆储存Earthen Basins土质储粪池(continued) (续) • Some basins are fully or partially lined with concrete.有些土质储粪池全部或部分内壁衬以水泥 • Constructed ramps provide access with loading and hauling equipment. 要建造斜道，供装运设备进入 • Basins may be emptied with mechanical loading equipment.可配备机械装运设备 20-17

18. Advantages of Slurry Manure Storage粪浆储存的优点 • Less volume (higher solids content) than lagoons. 所需容量（固体物质含量高）小于发酵池 • Adaptable to tank storage, either underfloor or aboveground. 可储存于储粪罐,储粪罐可建造在地下,也可在地面以上 • Tanks may becovered for odor control. 若用储粪罐，则可加盖以防臭气四散 • Less nutrient loss than lagoons. 养分的损失小于发酵池 • Manure may be handled hydraulically. 可用水压设备抽吸粪便

19. Disadvantages of Slurry Manure Storage粪浆储存的缺点 • May be higher odor potential than lagoons or solid manure.臭气大于发酵池 或固体粪便 • Gases from poorly ventilated underfloor pits may affect animals.通风不良的地下储粪坑中产生的有毒气体有害于动物 • Toxic or combustible gases can accumulate in enclosed areas.密闭区域内可积聚起有毒或可燃气体

20. Disadvantages of Slurry Manure Storage粪浆储存的缺点(continued) (续) • Hauling many loads of manure may be time consuming and labor intensive. 多次装运既费时又费工 • Potential for odor and/or runoff if slurry is surface spread without injection or incorporation. 如果田间施肥时仅施于土表，则易于散发臭气并随径流水流走

21. Liquid Manure Storage Lagoons液粪发酵池 • Commonly used when some treatment needed for handling or reduced odors常用于需要进行处理以便于装运及减少臭气的场合 • Contain a permanent treatment volume for bacteria留有永久性的处理空间供细菌活动 • Earthen structures larger than slurry facilities土质结构，大于粪浆储存设施

22. Liquid Manure Storage Lagoons液粪发酵池 ( continued) (续) • Site and soils investigation required.需要对建造地点的土壤和地质情况进行调查 • Properly constructed seal is necessary to control seepage.必须建造密封层以防渗流 • Designed on basis of temperature as well as manure volume.根据温度和粪便量进行设计 • Perform better in warmer climates.天气温暖时性能较好 20-22

23. Liquid Manure Storage Lagoons液粪发酵池 ( continued) (续) • Source of dilution water facilitates prefilling lagoon at startup开始时要先用稀释水灌注粪池 • Helps maintain treatment volume during periods of dry weather有助于在天气干旱时保持处理空间 • Reduces effects of salt buildup in lagoons可减轻池内积聚盐类

24. Advantages of Liquid Manure Storage Lagoons液粪发酵池 的优点 • May be least cost per unit of storage 单位储存容量的成本较低 • Ability to store large amounts of manure and/or lot runoff 能够储存大量粪便和牧场径流水 • Provides some treatment of manure, reducing odors and degrading solids 能对粪便进行一定的处理、减少臭气并分解其中的固体物 • Enables handling of manure with pumping and spreading equipment 能用泵和分离设备对粪便进行处理

25. Nitrogen lost and retained in various types of manure handling and storage systems.各种粪便处理、储存设施中氮的损失和潴留

26. Cost and Economics of Manure Storage Facilities储粪设施的成本和经济 • Cost should be integrated into an economic analysis of the complete manure management system. 成本应融入对整个粪便管理系统的经济分析之中 • A complete economic analysis may not support selection of the lowest cost manure storage facility.全面经济分析的结果可能并不支持采用最低成本的储粪设施

27. Comparison of costs of different types of manure storage facilities.不同类型储粪设施的成本比较

28. Sizing Manure Storages储粪设施的大小

29. Manure Storage Size储粪设施的大小 • Determined by volume of manure produced, rainfall, runoff, wash water, and fresh water used for flushing 决定于粪便产量、降雨量、径流水量、冲洗水量和用于冲洗的新鲜水量 • Storage period needed储存期限 • Short Term 短期 • Mid Term 中期 • Long Term 长期

30. Table 8. Manure Characteristics (pigs).猪粪的特点

31. Evaluate Total Rainfall总降雨量估测 • Total rainfall for Kunming equals 950 mm 昆明总降雨量950毫米 • Other locations 1900 mm 其它地点1900毫米 昆明 右图中： 柱状代表降雨 曲线代表温度 温度(℃) 降雨量(毫米) 月份 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

32. Water: source of trouble?水是麻烦的根源？ • The wetter the waste, the more difficult it is to manage. 粪便越湿，则越难管理 • Transport, storage, and treatment become more expensive.运输、储存和处理都很昂贵 • Feces are ~ 30% dry matter. 粪便含干物质~ 30% • Lagoon waste is 1%-2% dry matter. 粪便发酵池粪便含干物质1～2%

33. Typical water usage rates for cleaning swine production areas.清洗猪生产区的典型用水量

34. Water: source of trouble?水是麻烦的根源？(continued)(续) • Water waste can be reduced.可减少废水 • Design water-independent waste collection system. 设计不用水的粪便收集系统 • Place special water nipples or cups under nipples. 使用特殊的饮水乳头或在饮水乳头下放置水杯 • Use wt-dry or liquid feeders.使用干-湿饲槽或液体饲槽 • Fix water leaks and use low-water cleaning methods 修理漏水处，使用低水量清洗方法 • Prevent rain water from entering waste stream. 防止雨水进入粪便管理系统

35. Manure Utilization and Treatment Technologies粪便利用和处理技术 Manure Treatment Options

36. Natural Systems天然系统 • Vegetative filter strips 植被过滤带 • Overland flow 地表水流 • Constructed wetlands 人工湿地

37. Constructed Wetlands人工湿地 Types include surface flow, subsurface flow, reciprocating, and wetland pond 包括地表水流，表层下水流，交互水流和湿地池

38. Solids Separation固体物分离

39. Solids Separation固体物分离 • Gravity or Mechanical 重力或机械 • Reduce organic loading to storage or treatment unit减少储粪池或处理设施中的有机物 • Reduce liquid manure volume and N content 减少液体的量和氮含量

40. Solid Separation 固体物分离 • Flexibility in application 应用灵活 • Odor reduction 减少臭气 • Compost or direct application 制作堆肥或直接施用于田间 • Value-added products 增值产品

41. Gravity Separation 重力分离 • Land and slope requirement 需要场地和斜坡 • many farms have limited space between barns and lagoon/basins 许多猪场在猪舍和粪池之间的空间有限 • Modify plumbing to collect manure from all houses要重排管道，要能从所有的猪舍收集粪便 • Requires loader to remove solids 需要装载机以清除固体物

42. 穿孔管道出口 孔=1×4英寸 水泥沉降池 1～2英尺 9号，3/4英寸展延金属丝网，与墙壁斜度18度。4英尺可取下 池高 1英寸/英尺的斜坡 池长 池宽

43. 2-cell concrete settling basin 2室水泥沉降池 进口 出口 Outlet Inlet 出口 Outlet

47. Is This Manure Handling System Properly Sized?此粪便处理系统的大小合适吗？

48. Gravity Screen Separation重力筛分离

49. Gravity Screen with Roller Press 重力筛+辊筒压榨

50. 入口 筛 固体物 液体出口 Screw Press Separators螺旋压榨分离分离机