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Chapter 1. Matter and Change. What is Chemistry?. Chemistry is the study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter, the processes that matter undergoes, and the energy changes that accompany these processes. A chemical is any substance that has a definite composition. sucrose
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Chapter 1 Matter and Change
What is Chemistry? • Chemistryis the study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter, the processes that matter undergoes, and the energy changes that accompany these processes. • A chemical is any substance that has a definite composition. • sucrose • water • carbon dioxide
Chemistry • Includes many different branches of study (focuses on a particular area, they do overlap) • Organic • Inorganic • Physical • Analytical • Biochemistry • Theoretical
Chapter 1 Chemistry Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept
What is Matter? • Matter Anything that has mass and takes up space • Volumeis the amount of three dimensional space an object occupies. • Massis a measure of the amount of matter.
Basic Building Blocks of Matter • An atom is the smallest unit of an element that maintains the chemical identity of that element. • Fundamental building block of matter • An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler, stable substances and is made of one type of atom. • A compoundis a substance that is composed of 2 or more elements that are chemically bonded
Characteristic Properties • Extensive- depends on amount of matter present • Mass • Volume • Amount of energy in a substance • Intensive- does not depend on amount of matter present • Melting point • Boiling point • Density • Ability to conduct electricity • Ability to transfer energy as heat
Day 2 Review ?????? Review ?????? Mass is a measurement of ______________ The fundamental building block of matter is________ An element is made of one type of _________
Physical properties-characteristic that can be observed without changing the identity Observed with the senses Melting point/boiling point A physical changeis a change in a substance that does not involve a change in the identity of the substance. grinding, cutting, melting, and boiling Properties of Matter
Physical Properties and Physical Changes, continued • A change of stateis a physical change of a substance from one state to another. • states of matter • solid state, matter has definite volume and definite shape. • liquid state, matter has a definite volume but an indefinite shape. • gas state, matter has neither definite volume nor definite shape.
States of matter cont…. • Plasma is a high-temperature physical state of matter in gases have so much energy that the electrons are stripped away; therefore, they are electrically charged (super hot) • Bose-Einstein condensates atoms, when subjected to temperatures a few billionths of a degree above absolute zero, all coalesce to lose individual identity and become a “super atom” (super cold) • Predicted possible over 80 years ago but only actually created in a laboratory in 1995
Chemical Properties and Chemical Changes • A chemical property relates to a substance’s ability to undergo changes that transform it into different substances • A change in which one or more substances are converted into different substances is called a chemical change or chemical reaction. • 2 or more reactants form atleast 1 product
Chemical Changes, continued • The reactants are the substances that react in a chemical change. • The products are the substances that are formed by the chemical change. carbon + oxygen carbon dioxide reactants product Carbon plus oxygen yields (or forms) carbon dioxide.
Chapter 1 Evidence of a Chemical Change Gas Formation Precipitate Energy Released as heat or Light Color Change
Energy and Changes in Matter • Energy is always involved when physical or chemical changes occur. • Energy can be in various forms. • heat • light • Energy can be absorbed or released in a change, it is not destroyed or created. • law of conservation of energy
Chapter 1 Comparing Physical and Chemical Properties Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept
Physical vs. Chemical chemical physical chemical physical physical • Examples: • rusting iron • dissolving in water • burning a log • melting ice • grinding spices
Chapter 1 Comparing Chemical and Physical Changes Visual Concept https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1RpLOKqTcSk
Day 3 Review ?????? Review ?????? A change in a substance that does not involve a change in the identity of the substance is called ______________ In every chemical change 2 or more reactants form at least one ________
Classification of Matter • A mixtureis a blend of two or more kinds of matter, each of which retains its own identity and properties. • mixed together physically • can usually be separated • *Homogeneous mixtures are called solutions • uniform in composition (salt-water solution) • * Heterogeneous mixtures • * not uniform throughout (clay-water mixture)
Chapter 1 Types of Mixtures
Classification of matter cont…. • A pure substance has a fixed composition. • Pure substances are either compounds or elements. • A pure substance differs from a mixture in the following ways: • Every sample of a given pure substance has exactly the same characteristic properties. • Every sample of a given pure substance has exactly the same composition. • Water is always 11.2% hydrogen and 88.8% oxygen by mass.
Chapter 1 Classification of Matter
Chapter 1 Mixture Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vt7lN4QPU0k
Chapter 1 Compounds Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept
Day 4 Review ?????? Review ?????? If a mixture is uniform in compositions it is considered to be _________________. A liquid has a definite ____________ but no definite ____________.
Introduction to the Periodic Table • All known elements are organized into a chart known as the periodic table • The vertical columns of the periodic table are called groups, or families. • Each group contains elements with similar chemical properties. • The horizontal rows of elements in the periodic table are called periods. • Physical and chemical properties change somewhat regularly across a period.
Types of Elements • Metals • A metal is an element that is a good electrical conductor and a good heat conductor • Properties of metals • most are solids at room temperature • malleable - they can be hammered or rolled into thin sheets • ductile - they can be drawn into a fine wire • Luster- shininess
Types of Elements Cont…… • Nonmetals • A nonmetal is an element that is a poor conductor of heat and electricity. • Properties of nonmetals • many are gases • solids are brittle
Types of Elements Cont….. • Metalloids • A metalloid is an element that has some characteristics of metals and some characteristics of nonmetals. • Boron (B), Silicon (Si), Germanium (Ge), Arsenic (As), Antimony (Sb), & Tellurium (Te) • Properties of metalloids • all metalloids are solids at room temperature • semiconductors of electricity (a solid substance that has a conductivity between that of an insulator and that of most metals)
Chapter 1 Types of Elements Cont ….. Noble Gases • elements in Group 18 of the periodic table • generally unreactive • gases at room temperature
Chapter 1 Regions of the Periodic Table
Review The vertical columns of the periodic table are called ____________ Noble gases are ____________ Carbon is classified as a _____________