Myers EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY 5th Ed

2. Learning Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience Associative Learning learning that two events occur together two stimuli a response and its consequences

3. Association Learning to associate two events

4. Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning We learn to associate two stimuli

5. Operant Conditioning We learn to associate a response and its consequence

6. Learning Behaviorism Promoted by John B. Watson View that psychology… should be an objective science studies behavior without reference to mental processes

7. Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning Ivan Pavlov 1849-1936 Russian physician/ neurophysiologist Nobel Prize in 1904 studied digestive secretions

8. Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning Classical Conditioning organism comes to associate two stimuli lightning and thunder tone and food begins with a reflex a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that evokes the reflex neutral stimulus eventually comes to evoke the reflex

9. Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning Pavlov’s device for recording salivation

10. Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) effective stimulus that unconditionally- naturally and automatically - triggers a response Unconditioned Response (UCR) unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus salivation when food is in the mouth

11. Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning Conditioned Stimulus (CS) originally neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response Conditioned Response (CR) learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus

12. Pavlov’s Classic Experiment

13. Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning Acquisition the initial stage of learning, during which a response is established and gradually strengthened the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to evoke a conditioned response

14. Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning

15. Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning Extinction diminishing of a conditioned response in classical conditioning, when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus

16. Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning

17. Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning Spontaneous recovery reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished conditioned response Generalization tendency, once a response has been established, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses

18. Generalization

19. Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning Discrimination in classical conditioning, the ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

20. Nausea Conditioning among Cancer Patients

21. Little Albert’s Fear Conditioning

22. Operant Conditioning Operant Conditioning type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment Law of Effect Thorndike’s principle that rewarded behavior is likely to recur

23. Operant Conditioning Operant Behavior complex or voluntary behaviors push button, perform complex task operates (acts) on environment produces consequences Respondent Behavior occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

24. Operant Conditioning B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) elaborated Thorndike’s Law of Effect developed behavioral technology

25. Operant Conditioning Operant Chamber (“Skinner Box”) soundproof chamber with a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer contains a device to record responses

26. Operant Conditioning Reinforcer any event that strengthens the behavior it follows Shaping operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer approximations of a desired goal

27. Principles of Reinforcement Primary Reinforcer an innate reinforcer satisfies a biological need Secondary Reinforcer a conditioned reinforcer an event that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer

28. Schedules of Reinforcement Continuous Reinforcement reinforcing the desired response each time it occurs learning occurs rapidly extinction occurs rapidly Partial Reinforcement reinforcing a response only part of the time results in slower acquisition greater resistance to extinction

29. Schedules of Reinforcement Fixed Ratio (FR) schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses the faster you respond, the more rewards you get different ratios very high rate of responding like piecework pay

30. Schedules of Reinforcement Variable Ratio (VR) schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses like gambling, fishing very hard to extinguish because of unpredictability

31. Schedules of Reinforcement Fixed Interval (FI) a schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed response occurs more frequently as the anticipated time for reward draws near

32. Schedules of Reinforcement Variable Interval (VI) schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals produces slow, steady responding like pop quiz

33. Schedules of Reinforcement

34. Punishment Punishment aversive event that decreases the behavior that it follows powerful controller of unwanted behavior

35. Problems with Punishment Punished behavior is not forgotten, it's suppressed--behavior returns when punishment is no longer eminent Causes increased aggression- shows that aggression is a way to cope with problems-- explains why aggressive delinquents and abusive parents come from abusive homes

36. Problems with Punishment Creates fear that can generalize to undesirable behaviors, e.g., fear of school, learned helplessness, depression Does not necessarily guide toward desired behavior--reinforcement tells you what to do,punishment tells you what not to do-- combination of punishment and reward can be more effective than punishment alone Punishment teaches how to avoid it

37. Cognition and Operant Conditioning Cognitive Map mental representation of the layout of one’s environment example: after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it Latent Learning learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

38. Operant vs Classical Conditioning

39. Observational Learning Observational Learning learning by observing and imitating the behavior of others Modeling process of observing and imitating behavior Prosocial Behavior positive, constructive, helpful behavior opposite of antisocial behavior