The First Migration to the Americas

1. The First Migration to the Americas Explain how the first people arrived in the Americas. Analyze why the development of agriculture was so important.

2. Essential Questions

3. Migration – Sec 1 • Travelers from Asia • The Paleo-Indians crossed into Alaska between 38,000 and 10,000 B.C. • The Paleo-Indians were hunter-gatherers. • Archaeologists in Mexico have found signs of the first maize

4. Mesoamerica and South America • The Olmec's developed writing using glyphs (symbols and images that represent ideas) • The Aztecs built a large empire in the central Mexico. • Inca civilization began in the Andes • Mesoamericans were the first to breed plants or animals for human needs (corn)

5. Early North American Societies • The Anasazi lived in the southwest where there was little rainfall • The Mississippians lived along the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers between 700 A.D. and 1500 A.D. and built mounds.

6. The Artic area – Sec 2 • The Inuit lived in present-day northern Alaska and Canada; the Aleut lived in western Alaska • Both groups used kayaks • The Inuit sometimes built igloos • The subartic culture area included the Athabascan and Algonquian

7. The Pacific Coast • Mild climate with rich supply of wildlife and plants • Made it possible for large populations without depending on agriculture. • Northwest people carved images of totems, ancestor or animal spirits, on wooden poles • Native Americans in the California region had abundant food sources year-round, which made farming unnecessary

8. The West and southwest • Acorns were the primary food source for people in the West. • Dry climate made survival difficult but it didn’t stop them. • Groups included the Paiute, Shoshone, and Ute. • Southwest- the Apache, Navajo, and Pueblo • Grew crops despite the rainfall (irrigate) • Pueblo people held religious activities in kivas, or round ceremonial rooms

9. The Great Plains • Stretches from Canada into Texas and is bounded by the Rocky Mountains to the west and the Mississippi Valley to the east • Mainly grasslands, was home to millions of buffalo and other game animals • The Mandan lived on the northern Plains, the Pawnee lived on the central Plains • The apache lived on the southern Plains (hunter-gatherers)

10. The East • Southeastern groups included the Cherokee, Creek, Natchez (mound builders) and Seminole. • The Northeastern groups included the Algonquian and Iroquois • Some Algonquians lived in wigwams (circular huts), while the Iroquois lived in longhouses, or rectangular homes of log and bark • Left their homes to follow seasonal migrations • Iroquois league- political confederation that included several groups (made them the most powerful) • Woman would control the material goods. • Agriculture led to more complex societies

11. The Vikings – Sec 3 • Came from Scandinavia • Used ships to raid and trade throughout Europe • Lief Eriksson and his crew sailed from Greenland around A.D. 1000 • Eriksson landed in present-day Canada and established a settlement in an area he called Vinland • This makes him the first person to reach the shore of NA.

12. The Middle Ages • Began with the fall of the Roman Empire • Lasted 50 A.D. to 1500 A.D. • Under feudalism, people known as vassals pledged their loyalty to a lord in exchange for land • Nobles relied on vassals to protect their manors • Peasants –free tenants and serfs- farmed the land • Farmed on land that wasn’t theirs (slaves)

13. Life on a Manor • Provided for the needs of the people • Noblemen spent time ruling, fighting in battle, and managing farmland • Began to lose power as monarchs expanded control • Peasants had difficult lives with few opportunities • Worked in exchange for land.

14. Catholic Church • The church was the center of religious and social life • The church owned much land and advised rulers • Monasteries, staffed by men called monks, were centers of learning • Convents run by women called nuns created arts, earned money, and provided women with rare opportunities for education

15. The Rise of Nations • England was conquered by William of Normandy in 1066 • In 1215 nobles forced King John to sign the Magna Carta • The Magna Carta addressed land right, protected some freedoms, and required nobles’ permission before the king • could raise taxes • New technology was developed during this period • So what brought an end to the Middle Ages?

16. The Spread of Islam – Sec. 4 • Muhammad spread the word of Allah • His messages are collected in Qur-an • Muslims built a powerful navy and soon controlled the eastern Mediterranean • The message of Islam was also spread by traders • The Muslims promoted philosophy, mathematics, and medicine

17. The Crusades • The area including Jerusalem and surrounding lands were considered holy by Christians and Muslims • Pope Urban II called for a holy war to seize Jerusalem in 1095 • The Crusades continued for about 150 years

18. Empires in Asia • By 1279 the Mongols, led by Kublai Khan, ruled an empire that stretched from China’s southern coast to the Black Sea • Merchants traded along the Silk Road, an overland route running from China to the Black Sea • The Ming dynasty overthrew the Mongols in 1368 • Zhu Di opened trading networks that exported Chinese porcelain and silk.

19. East African Kingdoms • The Aksum kingdom gained wealth through trade • Bantu-speaking peoples formed about 30 separate city-states • Bantu and Arab influences shared a common religion, Islam, and a common language, Swahili

20. West African Kingdoms • Traders tied West Africa to North Africa • By African nomads who used camels • Ghana’s wealth came from trading gold • North African traders brought Islam to the empire of Mali in the mid-1200’s • Timbukfu was the center of Islamic culture • Malian leader Mansu Musa made a pilgrimage to the Islamic holy city of Mecca in 1324 • The rulers of Songhai spread Islam throughout their vast territory until the late 1500’s

21. During the Middle Ages, vassals worked in exchange for land.