Biodiesel Best Practices

1. Biodiesel Best Practices Presented by Hoon Ge Sponsored by Illinois Soybean Association

2. Summary of Topics Biodiesel & ULSD; Benefits & Compatibility B2 to B20: Similarities and Differences Cold Flow Properties and Additives Manufacturers Policies on Biodiesel 2007 Engines BQ-9000 – Fuel Quality of Biodiesel Filter Plugging Sources Tips For Biodiesel Handling Useful Informational Resources

3. Biodiesel and ULSDBenefits and Compatibility

4. Benefits: Biodiesel and ULSD Compatible with the compression ignition platform and with diesel fuel itself Greatly enhances lubricity of ULSD Compatible with 2007 diesel engine catalysts Aids with ULSD conductivity issues Reduces harmful emissions Power and performance virtually unchanged Seamless & transparent with existing petroleum infrastructure, (liquid not gaseous) Promotes national energy security Renewable, non-toxic, green blend stock option

5. Materials Compatibility B100 may adversely affect some elastomers such as natural or nitrile rubbers over time. Most elastomers used after 1993 are compatible with B100 (Viton/Teflon). Blends (B20) effect is less or non-existent. Normal monitoring of hoses and gaskets for leaks is sufficient with B20. Consult with your parts supplier or mechanical engineering partners.

6. Materials Compatibility Biodiesel and biodiesel blends will form high sediment levels when in contact with the following metals: -Brass, Bronze, Copper, Lead, Tin and Zinc Biodiesel is compatible with: - Stainless Steel, Aluminum

7. ULSD & Lubricity Sulfur compounds are natural lubricants in diesel. ULSD regulations are causing major concerns with diesel engine performance. ASTM lubricity requirement effective Jan 1, 2005 for diesel fuels. ASTM D 6079 High Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR) Wear Scar Maximum = 520 micrometers

8. Biodiesel Adds Significant Lubricity to ULSD

9. Lubricity

10. B2 to B20: Similarities and Differences

11. Properties of ULSD & Biodiesel Blends

12. Cold Flow Properties and Additives

13. CFPP Testing of ULSD Bio Blends

14. CFPP Testing of No 2 ULSD with No 1 ULSD

15. Manufacturers Policies on Biodiesel

16. Biodiesel Position with OEM’s Original Equipment Manufacturers: B100 Must Meet ASTM D 6751 Most OEM HQ’s have B20 experience: Won’t void warranty Problems caused by the fuel are the responsibility of the fuel supplier Want to see additional experience in the field Higher blends OK’d based on experience of OEM and their technology

17. Manufacturers Approving B100 Case IH – nearly half of all models Fairbanks Morse New Holland

18. Manufacturers Approving B20 Arctic Cat Buhler Case IH – 90% of all models Cummins Caterpillar – on several models John Deere Toro

19. Manufacturers Approving B5 Ford Caterpillar General Motors Isuzu Mack Volkswagen Detroit Diesel Chrysler International Kubota Mercedes Benz Volvo

20. 2007 Engines

21. Engines Produced in 2007 EPA regulations require reduced sulfur in diesel fuel for engines built in 2007 80% of highway diesel fuel must be ULSD (< 15ppm sulfur) beginning June1, 2006 Catalyzed Diesel Particulate Filters can eliminate 99% of solid particles (soot & metals) and eliminate >90% of semi-volatile hydrocarbons. Source: EPA

22. Diesel Particle Filters (DPF) Diesel particle filters (DPF) are found in all 2007 model year diesel engines. What possible advantages or disadvantages may result from using biodiesel blends in these engines? The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) has conducted a study in order to define these effects on DPFs.

23. Indicators of DPF Performance Filter regeneration rate increased significantly when using blends as low as B5. Lower particulate temperature and less particulate input contributed.

24. BQ-9000Fuel Quality of Biodiesel

25. Fuel Quality Fuel quality is of the utmost concern and importance to the biodiesel industry. ASTM D 6751 is the specification for biodiesel fuels regardless of the feedstock source and/or processing method. National Quality Program (BQ-9000) launched for Biodiesel Marketers and Producers Look for BQ-9000 Certified Marketers: Biodiesel’s ‘Good Housekeeping’ Seal of Approval Assures “cradle-to-grave” fuel quality Current Accredited Producers Application Process Audits In Process Accredited Producers Accredited Producers Peter Cremer Stephan Company Huish Detergents West Central Evergreen Renewables World Energy Dow Haltermann MN. Soybean Processors Cargill Eastman Chemical FUMPA Bioenergy of Colorado Imperial Western Products Griffin Industries AGP Certified Marketers Certified Marketers MN. Soybean Processors Trans Montaigne FUMPA World Energy SC Petroleum Western States Petroleum Pro PetroleumCurrent Accredited Producers Application Process Audits In Process Accredited Producers Accredited Producers Peter Cremer Stephan Company Huish Detergents West Central Evergreen Renewables World Energy Dow Haltermann MN. Soybean Processors Cargill Eastman Chemical FUMPA Bioenergy of Colorado Imperial Western Products Griffin Industries AGP Certified Marketers Certified Marketers MN. Soybean Processors Trans Montaigne FUMPA World Energy SC Petroleum Western States Petroleum Pro Petroleum

26. Quality Control In 2006: 41% of B100 samples tested passed the D6751 specification In 2007: 89.6% of B100 samples tested passed the D6751 specification 100% of BQ-9000 certified fuel Past all ASTM D6751 specifications

27. Biodiesel ASTM D6751 vs. Biodiesel Look-A-Likes Property ASTM Method Limits for Biodiesel Look-A Likes Calcium & Magnesium EN 14538 5 max ppm 79 ppm Flash Point D93 265°F minimum 70°F Kinematic Viscosity D445 1.9 - 6.0 cSt 18 cSt Carbon Residue D524 0.05 % maximum 0.164 % Acid Number D664 0.50 maximum .58mg KOH/g Total Glycerin D6584 0.240 maximum 5.060 % mass Phosphorus Content D4951 10 ppm maximum 119ppm Sodium/Potassium EN14538 5 ppm maximum 26ppm Oxidation Stability EN14112 3 hours minimum 6.47 hours

28. Biodiesel Look-A-Like Blends

30. BQ-9000 Information Through the NBB

31. Filter PluggingSources

32. Breakdown of Filter Plugging Sources From April 2007 to March 2008 - Filter Plugging Problems Addressed by the National Biodiesel Hotline Microbial Only 21% High Water and Microbial 18% High Water Only 15% Biodiesel Contaminants 10% No problem Found 10% Improper blending 8% Other 8% Oxidation, Oil Contaminants Biodiesel Didn’t Meet Specification 5% Outside Temperature Was Below Cloud Point 5% ULSD Paraffin’s 3%

33. Microbial Growth Several filters showed high content of live microbial organisms or a build-up of dead microbial material. The filters with microbial contamination often had an odor different from the normal fuel smell. MEG Corp believes that the lack of sulfur in biodiesel and ULSD aids in the build-up of such organisms since sulfur is a key component of many biocides and is a natural inhibitor of bacterial and fungal growth.

40. Exposure to Air Enters through vent pipes and contains large amounts of moisture. Generally displaces the fuel as tank is emptied. It is not practical to keep air from entering the tank. Will increase the oxidation of fuel. Do not store fuels for long periods of time in partially empty tanks without stabilizers. Consider desiccant dryers.

41. Water Free water in the fuel system accelerates corrosion and fuel degradation. It can also create a fertile growing place for “bugs.” Poor tank design has made complete removal of water impossible. Enters mostly as condensation from air. Vents and seals that are poorly constructed or maintained can allow water to infiltrate the storage tank.

42. Water Concentrations Biodiesel Can Hold More Water than ULSD ~1200ppm water saturation for biodiesel (B100) ~200-300ppm water saturation for ULSD (at 2% Biodiesel (B2), should see no effect) Higher Blends (B5, B11, B20): Temperatures decrease = Lower solubility -water will drop out of solution

44. Icing of the filter When there is excess free water in fuel, it can form ice on the filter and cause filter plugging in cold temps. A filter which has been plugged but is clean and new at room temperature indicates that icing is the likely cause. Since the temperatures of engines are warm, any moisture picked up within the engine can be brought back to the fuel lines. This moisture can freeze overnight in low ambient temperatures.

45. Paraffin Wax The material on these filters was solid until touched or warmed to room temperature, then it melted. Laboratory analysis showed this material was in fact paraffin/hydrocarbon in nature. The high level of paraffin material could be from the way ULSD is processed. When the temperature of the fuel is at or below its cloud point, paraffin material will precipitate out and collect on the bottom of the tank. As a point of note, when the heavy paraffin's are disturbed from the filters, they liquefy. The minor ingredients associated with biodiesel will not liquefy and require heat to go back into solution. Paraffin build-up does not come from biodiesel fuel.

46. Oxidation Filters with a black and shiny surface but no microbial growth odor or gel or sediment indicate they may be plugged by oxidation build-up. Because many newer engines run at higher temperatures, there may be a black “asphaltene” type material collecting on the filter. This phenomenon has been seen all around the country, often in newer engines.

47. Engines Hot Fuel Return

48. Monoglyceride Build-up This filter tested positive for high concentrations of saturated monoglyceride material. Monoglyceride is one substance that can precipitate out of fuel if the glycerin levels are too high in the biodiesel used in the blend.

49. Troubleshooting Checklist Microbial Growth – Exposure to air and water Icing of Filter – Excess water in tank Oxidation – Hot fuel return to fuel tank Monoglyceride Build Up – Off specification of Total & Free Glycerin Paraffin Wax – Temperature at or below cloud point

50. Tips forBiodiesel Handling

51. Tips for Biodiesel Handling Buy biodiesel that meets ASTM D 6751. Buying from a BQ-9000 Accredited Producer/Marketer will help ensure quality. If buying blended biodiesel, buy it pre-blended from the supplier. Fuel tanks should be kept as full as possible to reduce the amount of air and water entering the tank.

52. Tips for Biodiesel Handling When switching from diesel fuel to biodiesel blend, it may be necessary to change the fuel filter an extra time or two. Monitor hoses, fill/vapor caps, gaskets for leaks. If any biodiesel is spilled, it is important to clean it up quickly. Pure biodiesel may remove paint from equipment.

53. Tips for Biodiesel Handling Storage in on-site tanks should be limited to less than 6 months. The storage container should be clean, dry, and dark. Copper, brass, lead, tin and zinc should not be used to store biodiesel. Equipment with biodiesel blends in the fuel system should not be stored for more than 6 months.

54. Tips for Biodiesel Handling In the fall before colder weather sets in, check tanks for water concentration and microbial contamination. Check again in the spring. In the winter months, it’s important to use appropriate additives to ensure good winter-weather operability.

55. Useful InformationResources

56. NBB Resources: www.biodiesel.org

57. Other Biodiesel Resources www.bbibiofuels.com Biodiesel Magazine A ‘MUST HAVE’ magazine Biodiesel Industry Directory On-Line

58. Contact Information The Regional Diesel Hotline is: For general guidance issues Fuel related problems

59. Regional Diesel Hotline Established to: Provide triage for fuel problems problems not adequately addressed by distributors/producers Diagnose/analyze/assist with problems from: customers fleets fuel distributors Provide assistance through chemical analysis Through the use of third party Lab Help provide assistance to users to ensure the image/integrity of Biodiesel is maintained

60. Questions