20% of final GCSE grade Has to explore at least 2 Areas of study 25 hours to complete - Nov 16 th

1. 20% of final GCSE grade • Has to explore at least 2 Areas of study • 25 hours to complete - Nov 16th • You will need to submit a score • Guitarist can submit tablature but it has to be with rhythm. • You will need to submit an annotationDescribe in detail what your music is doing and what can be heard. Preferably, your account should be broken down into timings and linked to specific events in your music. You will need to give details of instruments, tempo, form etc. it’s important that anyone listening to your music can follow the sounds and easily link them to your stated intentions written. By using a composition diary through-out your composition process will help when it comes to the write up. How to start…Tick your AOS sheet as you go along! You were all handed a booklet and told to come up with 3 music ideas / riffs / beats / melodies. Without this I can do very little.

2. MP3 of final recording Screen shot of final dynamics Annotation – Write up of techniques used and anything that cant be seen in the score Signed CRF Score / Final Cubase file as MIDI YOU WILL NEED…

3. Tick your AOS sheets as you go along!! Chord sequence or riff? You need to have a chord sequence or a riff / melody to start composing. It doesn’t have to be long or something you love! Riff or melody Chord sequence DON’T SPEND AGES ON LYRICS!! I’m sorry if you had your heart set on writing a massive emo poem to a secret loved one but lyrical content will score you 0 marks. If singing, there has to be lyrics however don’t spend 5 hours on them. Take inspiration from a poem of a book – much easier. Listen to the lyrics for ‘come together’ by Michael Jackson

4. Lesson 1: Chord sequence – Why start with a chord sequence? VERSE CHORUS A A Stand be me F#m F#m Ooooh Stand by me D Oh Stand E A Stand by me Stand by me A A When the night, has come. F#m F#m And the land is dark D E And the moon is the only A A Light we’ll see, so darling darling QUESTION: Which chords are used the most? Refer to numbers QUESTION: How many chords are used 4 chord magic I V IV IV WHAT’S THE POINT? By using a scale you can’t go wrong TASK: (On the next slide) and finalise & play your chord sequence A BmC#m D E F#mG#dim A Tone ToneSemiToneTone Tone ToneSemiTone I ii iii IV V vi VII VIII

5. A B C# D E F# G# A … … … … CHORUS … … … … VERSE Extension task

6. … … … … CHORUS … … … … VERSE Extension task

7. HOW TO PLAY CHORDS In your books How to play MAJOR chords… How to play MINOR chords… • Put your right thumb on any note you desire. • Count up 4 notes and place your index finger there. • Count up 3 notes and place your ring finger there. • Put your right thumb on any note you desire. • Count up 3 notes and place your index finger there. • Count up 4 notes and place your ring finger there. How to play 7th chords… How to play DIMINISHED chords… • Put your right thumb on any note you desire. • Count up 3 notes and place your index finger there. • Count up 4 notes and place your ring finger there. • Count up 3 notes and place your little finger there. • Put your right thumb on any note you desire. • Count up 3 notes and place your index finger there. • Count up 3 notes and place your ring finger there. TASK: As a class work out any major & minor chord… http://www.bgfl.org/bgfl/custom/resources_ftp/client_ftp/ks2/music/piano/index.htm

8. COMPOSITION HELP: 1 Cmaj Dmin Emin Fmaj Gmaj Amin Bdim Cmaj Tone Tone SemiTone Tone Tone Tone SemiTone I II III IV V VI VII VIII Tonic Supertonic Mediant Sub-dominant Dominant Sub-mediant Leading tone Octave Diatonic use of C major scale All piano chords: http://www.8notes.com/piano_chord_chart/G.asp All guitar chords:http://www.8notes.com/guitar_chord_chart/ C major piano scale C major guitar scale

9. COMPOSITION HELP: 2 Amaj Bmin C#min Dmaj Emaj F#min G#dim Amaj Tone Tone SemiTone Tone Tone Tone SemiTone I II III IV V VI VII VIII Tonic Supertonic Mediant Sub-dominant Dominant Sub-mediant Leading tone Octave Diatonic use ofA majorscale All piano chords: http://www.8notes.com/piano_chord_chart/G.asp All guitar chords:http://www.8notes.com/guitar_chord_chart/ A major piano scale A major guitar scale

10. COMPOSITION HELP: 3 Dmin Edim Fmaj Gmin Amin Bbmaj Cmaj Dmin Tone Tone SemiTone Tone Tone Tone SemiTone I II III IV V VI VII VIII Tonic Supertonic Mediant Sub-dominant Dominant Sub-mediant Leading tone Octave Diatonic use of D minor scale All piano chords: http://www.8notes.com/piano_chord_chart/G.asp All guitar chords:http://www.8notes.com/guitar_chord_chart/ D minor piano scale D minor guitar scale

11. COMPOSITION HELP: 4 Amin Bdim Cmaj Dmin Emin Fmaj Gmaj Amin Tone Tone SemiTone Tone Tone Tone SemiTone I II III IV V VI VII VIII Tonic Supertonic Mediant Sub-dominant Dominant Sub-mediant Leading tone Octave Diatonic use of A minor scale All piano chords: http://www.8notes.com/piano_chord_chart/G.asp All guitar chords:http://www.8notes.com/guitar_chord_chart/ A minor piano scale A minor guitar scale

12. COMPOSITION HELP: 5 Bmin C#dim Daug Emin F#maj Gmaj A#dim Bmin Tone SemiTone Tone Tone SemiTone Minor 3rdSemi Tone I II III IV V VI VII VIII Tonic Supertonic Mediant Sub-dominant Dominant Sub-mediant Leading tone Octave B Harmonic minor scale All piano chords: http://www.8notes.com/piano_chord_chart/G.asp All guitar chords:http://www.8notes.com/guitar_chord_chart/ B Harmonic minor scale B Harmonic minor guitar scale

13. Bass lines TASK 1: Bass lines don’t just follow the chord sequence, but they can. Imagine stand by me with out the bass line (listen and demonstrate chord sequence). TASK 2: Now listen to bass line… The song would be nothing without. TASK 2: In the key of A what notes does it use and does it stray far from the chord? A BmC#m D E F#mG#dim A Tone ToneSemiToneTone Tone ToneSemiTone I ii iii IV V vi VII VIII

14. Bass lines Types of bass line... TASK 1: Listen and discuss what you can use from these examples. TASK 2: Compose a bass line - You did this in year 9 so doing it in year 11 will be no problem. Bass line EXTENSION TASK: Bass line for your verse. (if you did one last week).

15. Drums TASK 1: Know the drum Kit Snare Drum Cymbal Tom-toms Bass Drum Hi Hat KNOW: How to pitch a Bass line BE ABLE TO: Compose a Bass line for your groups song UNDESRATND: The role of a Bass http://www.drumnuts.com/GAMES/Virtual-Drums-Buckle.php

16. Drums PUPIL MODEL: How they can achieve Count 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & LEVEL 4 Drum (With a drum fill – What is a drum fill?) Count 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & Drum LEVEL 5

17. Drums SYNCOPATION Syncopation is where the accent is shifted from the main beat to a weaker beat. It’s a rhythm where the beats have different spacing's between them. Try and come up with your own syncopated rhythm. (With a drum fill – What is a drum fill?) Count 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & Drum LEVEL 6

18. Riff / Hook Float on – Modest mouse Tinne Tempah – Pass out What you know – Two door cinema club RAGE – Killing on the name of KNOW: What a Riff is BE ABLE TO: Compose a riff / hook for your groups song UNDESRATND: Composition from a scale STARTER: What do all 4 songs have in common

19. Riff / Hook A BmC#m D E F#mG#dim A Tone ToneSemiToneTone Tone ToneSemiTone I ii iii IV V vi VII VIII C# E F# E C# C# C# E F# E C# B C# E F# E C# C# AG# G# AG# This song is in the key of A major / F# minor and uses those two chords TASK 1: Look at the note used in the riff. Are they only notes from the A major scales? A good riff will use long and short length notes as well as rests. TOP TIPS If it’s catchy your mate will be able to sing it back to you.

20. LESSON 5 STRINGS http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T_v1TgVEX7Y http://youtube.googleapis.com/v/TroJUuyUP1Y Pizzicato / Plucked Bowed DRUMS PIANO Block chords & Arpeggio Arpeggio Rim shot GUITAR Strummed Picked Muted

21. Change of Time Signature Use a minimum of 2 of the following; 2/4, 3/4, 4/4 & 6/8. Maybe try a free meter or an irregular timesignature like 7/8 for top marks Change of Tempo Use a minimum of 2 different tempos. Make them obvious! You could also speed up or slow down. Listen 2:18 onwards. Rallentando If you’ve chosen AoS:1 your composition must have… Use a mixture of note lengths / Durations 1/2 1/8 = Whole = = 1/4 = = 1/16 Triplets: Dotted rhythm: Swing time The accent is shifted from the main beat to a weaker beat. Syncopation: Polyrhythm: 2 or more rhythms being played at the same. Augmentation: A section repeated as a longer version, often with note values doubled. Diminution: A section repeated as a shorter version, often with note values halved. Rubato & Hemiola: Research these and if you can include them for A* marks..

22. Second last chord Last chord Cadence = V I Perfect IV = Plagal I I, II or IV V = Imperfect Any bar I Interrupted V = BEFORE COMPOSING CHOOSE A KEY! See earlier slides or next slide… If you’ve chosen AoS:2 your composition must have… Use a mixture of chords Major Chords. Minor chords. Diminished chords. 7th chords. Change of Tonality You must change tonality at least once through-out the piece. So use at least two of the following... Major, minor or modal Use a Pedal or a Drone or both! Drone- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6a3NcwfOBzQ Pedal - http://www.youtube.com/v/Pgum6OT_VH8&ob=av2n Use a variety of Cadences: Make them obvious!!!!

23. Change key / Modulate: Keep the same tonality just taking the whole thing up a tone or semi-tone. By doing this you’ve taking the piece to a new key. 2:20mins. Change key / Modulate: To dominant (V). To Subdominant (IV). To relative major. To relative minor. Up a tone. HARMONY: 2 or more notes played / sung at the same time Create a Harmony Consonant - Nice. Dissonant - clashing. Diatonic – Uses only the notes of the key. Chromatic uses notes that don’t belong in the key. Interval song: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nl2d4zS56cY Create a HarmonyUsing a mixture of intervals

24. Multiple Textures: Use lots of different textures Homophonic: The melody follows the chordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homophony 2 or more melodies played at the same time of equal importance. Polyphonic: An unaccompanied melody. Single line melody: Melody with band providing accompaniment. Melody with accompaniment: Unison: All the instruments play notes at the same pitch – Vocals & instruments. Octaves: All the instruments play the same note at different pitch Use multiple melodic note patterns: When writing vocal lines or any melodic lines try to vary each one. Melody that moves mainly by step never more than a tone. Doesn’t jump around and sounds smooth. Conjuct: Melody that moves using lots of jumps. Larger than a tone. Disjuct: Triadic: Melody that moves using notes of the triad Scalic: Melody that moves up and down using only the notes of a scale. They only move to the next note up or down in the scale Use Articulation across your composition Short stabs. Much easier than writing in a rest mark. Tenuto accents mean the notes are to be played at full length or even slightly longer. This sign means the note should be played louder Passing note Riff Short, repeated melodic phrase. Definitely use!!! Make your bass lines or chords interesting by including a few.

25. Appoggiatura: A dissonant note that is approached by a leap, and then moves by step to resolve on to a harmony note. Acciaccatura: A quick note that happens before the main one. Pitch bend: Short slide up or down to another note (The wheel on end of the keyboard). Sequence A sequence is where a melodic phrase is immediately repeated at a different pitch, often step by step. If the sequence gets higher in pitch its called an ascending sequence. Alternatively, the pitch get lower, in which case it is a descending sequence. The pitch must remain within the scale otherwise that is simply known a key change. Improvisation Creating new musical ideas on the spot, during a performance. Slide / Glissando Melodic device: literally sliding from one note to another. http://www.youtube.com/v/0N22_L7qAtw http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FlEo8WUClNk Rapid movement back & forth between the note. Trill = http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/18/Trill_example_A-B-C.mid A turn consists of the note above the one indicated, the note itself, the note below the one indicated, and the note itself again. = Turn

26. Repetition Melodies can be repeated. Use a variety of scales Use as many different scales as possible. Major: Tone > Tone > SemiTone > Tone > Tone > Tone > SemiTone Minor: Tone > SemiTone > Tone > Tone > SemiTone > Tone > Tone Chromatic: All semi tones only Modal: Different starting points of a major scale Dorian, Phrygian, Lydian, Mixolydian, Locrian, Whole tone: All tones only Pentatonic: Blues: I II III V VI of any major scale I bIII IV bV V bVII of any major scale Use a range of intervals Using a mixture of intervals Interval song: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nl2d4zS56cY

27. Samples www.freesound.org – List of sample you may want to include Reverb Chorus Distortion If you’ve chosen AoS:4 your composition must have… Sound lasts longer because it’s being reflected. Makes the instrument or voice sound fuzzy. Multiplying the instrument or vocal line. Compression Boosts the quiet parts of a song so they match the loud parts. Thus creating one dynamic. Sequencer A device / program used to record, edit and playback music / MIDI Sound is electronically placed into one speaker / ear or moves from one ear to the other. (also based on percentages). Panning Vocoder An electronic device for synthesising speech. It’s half human voice and instrumental pitch 2:20. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bjPqsDU0j2I Recording device where different tracks are recorded separately and then played back together. Multi-tracking

28. Timbre: Get it right Timbre is a difficult one to ensure, seeing as you have to have instruments for there to be music. It’s about making the instrument sound like it should. For example a violin shouldn’t sound like a bass and a bass guitar shouldn’t be sounding like a banjo. Also when choosing an instrument make sure you apply all of the particular playing techniques. Dynamics: Include a mixture – More than 2 Listen Regina Spektor’s ‘The Call’ has an excellent range of dynamics. Click on face to play. GOOD! – Carefully craft sections. BAD! – Don’t just draw lines for the sake of it!

29. Drum techniques Guitar techniques String techniques

30. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cw9yk7ZkuGc

31. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s9iaSp77xB8

33. There aren’t as many opportunities with this AoS. • Instrumental forms:Ground bass. Continuo. Cadenza. • Classical forms:Strophic. Through-Composed. • Pop song forms:Strophic. Middle 8. Verse chorus. 12 bar blues • Structures:Binary. Ternary. Call and Response. Rondo. Arch shape • Classical works:Concerto. Sonata. Symphony. Suite

34. PAGE 166 of AQA GCSE MUSIC BOOK – Read it! Keep a log / diary Now you know what needs to go into your composition it’s worth keeping a diary and logging what you’re including. Ensure you include what track your editing, and what time it happens. Example: 0:56 – I’ve added a ‘trill’ to the piano part. 1:26 – I’ve deleted my initial bass line. 1.67 – I’ve added a passing note between chord A and Bmin

35. How to write a R n B ballad Everything you need to write a love song. Lots of little bits make up a song Lots of little parts make a massive song. Watch this video clip and see how lots of short loops can make a really big song. Progression and chorus When to change in music? Question: What’s the time signature of this piece? Question: on average how many bars until the music changes? Every chorus the same? Question: Compare the 1st and 2nd chorus. Does this give you any ideas for your composition?

36. Families http://www.dsokids.com/listen/instrumentlist.aspx BRASS FREESOUND.org = Free Samples STRING WIND PERCUSSION Starting a song How to start a song? How are these intro’s similar? A simple solution to sorting out your intro?

37. Primary chords: 1st, 4th and 5th notes of the scale In the key of C major Secondary chords: 2nd, 3rd and 6th notes of the scale In the key of C major TASK: What are the primary and secondary chords for G major and D major?