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Understanding Water and Major Minerals in Human Nutrition

Explore the essential role of water and major minerals in maintaining body fluid balance, nutrient transport, and overall health. Learn about sources, functions, deficiencies, and toxicity levels of key minerals like sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium.

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Understanding Water and Major Minerals in Human Nutrition

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  1. Water and Major Minerals

  2. Water • Intracellular Fluid • 2/3 of the body’s water • Extracellular Fluid • Interstitial and Intravascular • Body fluid also contains • Solutes • E.g., Electrolytes: Cations and Anions

  3. Maintenance of Intracellular and Extracellular Fluid Balance • Transmembrane pumps • Sodium, Potassium moved against concentration gradient • Osmosis

  4. Functions of Water • Maintenance of blood volume • Transport of nutrients and oxygen • Fluid synthesis • Lubricant in knees and joints • Solvent in metabolic processes • Temperature Regulation • Specific Heat • Waste Product Removal • urea

  5. Water Sources & Needs • Water in Foods • Sweetened beverages provide little satiety and few micronutrients • Needs • Vary with body size, physical activity, environmental conditions and dietary intake • AI: 15 cups adult men, 11 cups adult women • Based on 80% fluid intake, 20% food intake • Needs met when intake = output

  6. Overview of Minerals • Major versus Trace Minerals • Food Sources • Functions • Deficiencies • Calcium, potassium, magnesium , iron, zinc, and iodine • Toxicity

  7. Sodium (Na+) • Foods • Grains, processed foods, soups and sauces • Needs • AI: 1,500mg (under age 51) • DV: 2,400mg

  8. Sodium (Na+) • Functions • Absorption of glucose and some amino acids • Normal muscle and nerve function • Water balance • Deficiency • Rare (hyponatremia) • Excessive perspiration, diarrhea, vomiting • Excess and Upper Level • UL: 2,300mg

  9. Potassium (K+) • Foods • Unprocessed foods: fruits, vegetables, milk, whole grains • Needs • AI: 4,700mg • DV: 3,500mg • Typical US adult intake falls below both

  10. Potassium (K+) • Functions • Major cation inside cells • High intake suppresses renin-angiotensis system and promotes excretion of sodium • Deficiency • Hypokalemia (life-threatening) • Depletion by some diuretics • Excess and Upper Level • Hyperkalemia (also life-threatening) • In poor kidney function • No UL set

  11. Chloride (Cl-) • Foods • Salt (NaCl) • Needs • AI: 2,300mg • Functions • Main anion in extracellular fluid • Nerve impulse transmission, HCl, immune response, acid-base balance • Deficiency • UL: 3,600mg

  12. Calcium (Ca++) • Foods • Dairy, fortified foods, green leafy vegetables • Bioavailability issues • Needs • RDA: 1,000mg to 1,200mg, 1,300mg in adolescents • DV: 1,000mg • U.S. intake is 720mg to 1,195mg (lower in women) • Calcium supplements • Blood calcium levels regulated tightly

  13. Functions of Calcium (Ca++) • Bone development and maintenance • Cortical and trabecular bone • Bone remodeling • Osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts • Blood clotting • Transmission of nerve impulses to target cells • Tetany • Muscle contraction • Cell metabolism • Calmodulin system

  14. Calcium (Ca++) • Potential health benefits of calcium • Colon cancer prevention • Protects against formation of oxalate kidney stones • Blood pressure effect • Upper Level • 2500mg • Hypercalcemia can lead to kidney stones

  15. Osteoporosis • Bone Loss • Normal/low bone mass: osteopenia • Very low bone mass: osteoporosis • Kyphosis (Dowager’s hump) • Diagnosis • DEXA bone scan • Prevention • Bone building nutrients • Active lifestyle with weight-bearing activities • Not smoking • Drug therapy

  16. Phosphorus • Foods • Milk, cheese, meat, bakery products, and cereals • Needs • RDA: 700mg • DV: 1,000mg • Average intake is 950 mg to 1650 mg/day

  17. Phosphorus • Functions • Major component of bone and teeth • Critical to the function of every body cell • Part of ATP • Role in hypertension prevention • Deficiency • Rare but a chronic deficiency contributes to bone loss, decreased growth and poor tooth development • Toxicity and Upper Level • UL: 3-4 grams/day

  18. Magnesium (Mg++) • Foods • Part of chlorophyll – plant products • Smaller amounts from hard water, milk, and meats • Needs • RDA: 400mg men, 310mg women (19-30) • Increases 10-20mg over age 30 • DV: 400mg • Fewer than 25% of US adults meet RDA

  19. Magnesium (Mg++) • Functions • Vital role in range of biochemical and physiological processes • Deficiency • Irregular heartbeat, weakness, muscle spasms • Increases risk of osteoporosis • Upper Level • 350mg from supplements and nonfood items only

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