The World Between the Wars – WWI & WWII

1. The World Between the Wars – WWI & WWII

2. A Struggle for Change in Latin America • The Mexican Revolution • Desires for land, better wages, and democratic reforms • Result: a new constitution that set goals for future social and political changes • Nationalism • The Good Neighbor Policy

3. Nationalist Movements in Africa and the Middle East • Africa – opposition to imperialism spread as the Pan-African and negritude movements developed. • Modernization in Turkey and Iran • Pan-Arab movements sought Arab unity and freedom from foreign domination • Promises in Palestine

4. India Seeks Self-Rule • Moves toward independence – Amritsar massacre • Mohandas Gandhi and The Salt March • Muslims become fearful of then Hindu majority and began to call for a separate Muslim state

5. Upheavals in China • The Chinese Republic was crippled by feuding warlords, a collapsed economy, famine, and increasing foreign influence • May Fourth Movement • 1927 – Civil war erupts between the Guomindang and Communists. • Japanese invasion

6. Empire of the Rising Sun • 1920s- Japan’s political parties and democratic parliament grew stronger • Great Depression fueled dissatisfaction among militarists and extreme nationalists • 1930s- the Japanese military dominated a government that emphasized obedience to the emperor, service to the state, and a policy of imperial expansion

7. 1920 Treaty of Versailles

8. Ineffectiveness of the League of Nations • No control over major conflicts • No progress in disarmament • No effective military force

9. The Great Depression

10. Fascism is the totalitarian philosophy of government that glorifies the state and nation and assigns to the state control over every aspect of national life.

11. Fascism • A form of extreme right-wing ideology. • It celebrates the nation or the race as an organic community transcending all other loyalties. • Powerful and continuing nationalism. • Constant use of patriotic mottos, slogans, symbols, songs, etc. • Flags are seen everywhere. • It uses organized violence to suppress opposition. • Glorification of force. • Accepts the tenets of Social Darwinism. • Is anti-democratic.

12. Weimar Republic

13. Aggression, Appeasement, and War

14. Dictators Challenge World Peace • Japan seizes Manchuria in 1931 and withdrew from the League of Nations • 1936 Italy: Mussolini conquered Ethiopia (finally took revenge on them) • Germans: Hated the Versailles treaty. Hitler built up their military and sent troops into the demilitarized Rhineland bordering France.

15. Dictators Challenge World Peace • Appeasement: giving in to the demands of an aggressor to keep peace. • Some westerners viewed Hitler as a defense against a worse evil- Soviet Communism • Pacifism • Neutrality Acts (U.S.A.): avoid involvement in European war. • Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis: Italy, Germany, and Japan

16. Spanish Civil War • Nationalists: • Fascists • Supported by Germany and Italy • German air raid on Guernica • Triumphant in 1939 and set up a fascist dictatorship like those of Hitler and Mussolini • Loyalists • Supported by U.S. and Great Britain (even though they remained neutral) • Republic • Communists • Socialists • Marxists

17. German Aggression Continues • Anschluss: Union of Germany and Austria • Hitler annexes the Sudetenland in 1938. • The Munich Pact