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Millennium Development Goals(MDGs)

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were a set of eight international development goals established by the United Nations in 2000, aimed at addressing global challenges such as poverty, hunger, disease, gender inequality, and environmental degradation. The MDGs provided a framework for global cooperation and targeted specific objectives to be achieved by 2015. They were replaced by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in 2015, which expanded upon the MDGs' agenda with a broader focus on sustainability and inclusivity.

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Millennium Development Goals(MDGs)

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  1. Presentation By: Shamsa Rubab

  2. MDGs MDGs stands for Millennium Development Goals were eight international development goals that were established following the Millennium Summit of the United Nations in 2000. These goals were designed to address various global challenges and improve the living conditions of people around the world. The target date for achieving the Millennium Development Goals was set for 2015.

  3. Eight MDGs 1-Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.2-Achieve universal primary education.3-Promote gender equality and empower women.4-Reduce child mortality.5-Improve maternal health.6-Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases.7-Ensure environmental sustainability.8-Develop a global partnership for development. Link: https://www.blogger.com/u/1/blog/posts/4351672734594348104?pli=1

  4. Goal-1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

  5. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger • Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger" was one of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) established by the United Nations. It was Goal 1 among the eight MDGs. The aim was to significantly reduce, if not completely eliminate, extreme poverty and hunger worldwide by the target date of 2015.

  6. Targets and Indicators of eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

  7. Target 1: Halve the proportion of people living in extreme poverty Indicator 1: Proportion of people living on less than $1.25 a day This indicator measured the percentage of the population living below the international poverty line of $1.25 per day (at 2005 international prices).

  8. Target 2: Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all • Indicator 2.1: Employment-to-population ratio This indicator assessed the proportion of the working-age population (15-64 years) that is employed. • Indicator 2.2: Proportion of employed people living below $1.25 (PPP) per day This indicator looked at the percentage of workers living in extreme poverty

  9. Target 3: Halve the proportion of people who suffer from hunger Indicator 3.1: Prevalence of underweight children under five years of age This indicator measured the percentage of children under the age of five whose weight was below the international standard for their age. Indicator 3.2: Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption

  10. Factor effect the eradicate extreme poverty and hunger • Global Factors • Economic Policies • Conflict and Instability • Global Health • Climate Changes • International Cooperation

  11. Factor effect Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger in Pakistan • Socio-Economic Polices • Agricultural Reforms • Education and Skills • Healthcare Access • Gender Equality • Infrastructure Development • Governance and Corruption • International Collaboration • Political stability

  12. Critical Effect of Eradicate Extreme poverty and hunger on Pakistan Economy • Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction • Human Development • Agricultural Productivity • Social Welfare Programs • Foreign Aid and Assistance

  13. The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were of great importance for several reasons • Global Focus on Development • Improved Quality of Life • Mobilization of Resources • Raised Awareness and Accountability .

  14. Ratio of poverty in Pakistan. Pakistan poverty rate for 2018 was 84.50%, a 0.7% increase from 2015.Pakistan poverty rate for 2015 was 83.80%, a 2.7% decline from 2013.Pakistan poverty rate for 2013 was 86.50%, a 2.6% decline from 2011.Pakistan poverty rate for 2011 was 89.10%, a 1.3% decline from 2010

  15. criticisms associated with the MDGs: • Limited Scope • Measurement Challenges • Root Causes(such as economic inequality, political instability, and lack of access to resources). • Limited Participation

  16. conclusion The conclusion of the MDGs in 2015 led to the adoption of a broader and more comprehensive set of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The SDGs, consisting of 17 interconnected goals and 169 targets, aimed to build upon the progress made under the MDGs while addressing the unfinished agendas and integrating new challenges, including climate change, inequality, and sustainable consumption.

  17. Education in Pakistan

  18. Education Any act or experience that has a formative effect on the mind, character or physical ability of an individual. In its technical sense, education is the process by which society deliberately transmits its accumulated knowledge, skills and values from one generation to another.

  19. Education in Pakistan • Education in Pakistan is overseen by the Federal Ministry of Education and the provincial governments. Where, • federal government mostly assists in curriculum development, accreditation and in the financing of research and development.

  20. Academic Structure of Pakistan • Preschool (for the age from 3 to 5 years) • Primary (grades one through five) • Middle (grades six through eight)  • High (grades nine and ten, leading to the Secondary School Certificate or SSC) • Intermediate (grades eleven and twelve, leading to a Higher Secondary School Certificate or HSSC) • University programs leading to undergraduate and graduate degrees.

  21. Explaining Literacy In Pakistan

  22. Education Policy in Pakistan • All Pakistan Education Conference (1947) • Education should be inspired by Islam • Free and compulsory middle Education • Emphasis on technical education • National Education Conference 1951 • Six Year National Plan for Educational Development: Specification of physical and financial targets • Expansion of enrollment due to cross-border migration • Rapid increase in public expenditure on education

  23. National Commission on Education 1959 • Religious instruction for character development • Introduction of technical/vocational subjects in secondary stages • Middle level technical education • Extension of Bachelor’s degree programs from 2-3 years • Assessment • A quantitative success: 96% of the planned investments • Targets for primary education and technical education not fulfilled • Extension of B.A./ B.Sc. Led to student unrest.

  24. Education Policy and Nationalization (1972) • Nationalization of private educational institutes • Objectives: • Improving education standards • Equalizing opportunities for education • Eradicating imbalances b/w types of education • Assessment: • Government’s education expenditure doubled • No consultation from educationists • Compromise on quality of education

  25. National Education Policy (1979) • Islamization of the education system • Reorganizing the entire content of curriculum around Islamic thought • Merging traditional Madrassah Education with modern education • Urdu as medium of instruction • Mobilization of community resources • Emphasis on quality improvement relative to quantity of institutions • Separate educational institutions for female students

  26. Outcomes: • Integrated curriculum was introduced • Medium of instruction reverted to English after class eight • Secular subjects introduced in the Deeni Madaris • Mosques were used as part of formal primary education • Nai Roshni Schools: Education for adults • Universities became the responsibility for the federal Government

  27. National Education Policy (1992) • Universalizing primary education, eliminating dropout by 2002 • Modernizing curriculum • Privatization of nationalized institutes • Reformation of examination system • Merit-based admission procedures devised by National Testing Services.

  28. Millennium Development Goals (MDGs,2000) • In September of the year 2000, leaders of 189 countries met at the United Nations in New York and endorsed the Millennium Declaration, a commitment to work together to build a safer, more prosperous and equitable world. The Declaration was translated into a roadmap setting out eight time-bound and measurable goals to be reached by 2015, known as the Millennium Development Goals, namely:

  29. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger • Achieve universal primary education • Promote gender equality and empower women • Reduce child mortality • Improve maternal health • Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases • Ensure environmental sustainability • Develop a global partnership for development

  30. Millennium Development Goal No. 2: Education for All • According to UN (2001) this goal was further divided into six sub-goals to meet the learning needs of all children, youth and adults by 2015. These sub-goals /targets were as; • 1. Expansion and improvement in early childhood care and education, especially for the deprived children. • 2. Ensuring access to compulsory basic education of good quality, for all children especially girls by 2015. • 3. Ensuring life skills education and better learning environment to youngsters. • 4. Improving fifty (50 %) literacy rate of youngsters especially girls by 2015. • 5. Decreasing gender gap up to secondary education and ensuring equality by 2015. • 6. Improvement in quality of education in life skill, numeracy and literacy

  31. Establishment of Ministry of Education and Training • Ministry by the name of Education and Training was established in July, 2011. • Following functions have been assigned to this new Ministry. • National Vocational and Technical Education Commission (NAVTEC). • Academy of Educational Planning and Management (AEPAM) • Federal Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education (FBISE), • National Educational Assessment Centre • National Training Bureau, Islamabad. • Pakistan Manpower Institute. • National Internship Programme (NIP). • Akhtar Hameed Khan, National Centre for Rural Development Islamabad. • National Talent Pool, Islamabad.

  32. Achievement of MDG 2 in Pakistan • Pakistan could not achieve its targets of MDG 2. It remained fail in achieving all three indicators till the end of the period 2015. Particularly retention rate at primary level is very low. Target of literacy rate was 88 %, while Pakistan was able to increase its literacy rate up to 58 % which was very low against the MDGs target. (Government of Pakistan, 2013).

  33. (Government of Pakistan, 2013)

  34. MDGs Goal 2Achieving Universal Primary Education

  35. Literacy Rate

  36. Cause of Failure in achieving MDGs 1 Natural Disasters 2 Terrorism 3 Pressure groups (religious/political) 4 Implementation gap by education leaders 5 Lack of facilities 6 Lack of funds 6

  37. Education Expenditures (% of GDP)

  38. Continues….. 7 Poverty 8 Insecurity/lack of schools for girls 9 Lack of accountability 10 Lack of coordination among provinces 11 Lawlessness 12 Unemployment among educated person

  39. Considerations • Federal as well as provincial governments should allocate at least 4 % of their Gross Domestic Product (GDP) to education. • Government should open new schools to ensure access of schools within two (2) Kilo Meter of students’ residence, especially for girls. Otherwise there must be free transport facilities to the nearby school. • Up to secondary level, Education should be free and compulsory as per constitution of Pakistan.

  40. Considerations • In backward areas, there should be some incentives for girls as it is practiced in Southern Punjab and some remote districts of KPK. • Hard areas allowance may be introduced for the teachers serving in far furlong and hard areas of Pakistan. • Adult literacy program may be introduced for uneducated adult at their work places as well as at home. Employer must be bound to free such adult at least for one hour. For this purpose, university graduate may be employed initially for one year or till their regular appointment.

  41. Promote Gender Equality and Women Empowerment

  42. Introduction • Pakistan is committed to meeting MDGs, demonstrating dedication to gender-related issues. • Women make up 51% of the population and 22.7% of the labor force in Pakistan. • National Policy 2002 is to aims to remove socio-economic imbalances, ensuring women's equal access to development benefits and services. • The plan specifically addresses women's issues like violence, neglect, and injustice.

  43. Gender Equality & Women Empowerment • Education, employment, and access to information reflect the overall status of women in the social context. • Women's empowerment is turning point on participation in household decision-making, mobility, property ownership, and financial freedom. • Unpaid Family Workers:The percentage of unpaid female family workers increased from 53% in 2003-04 to 59.8% in 2011-12 • Occupational Discrimination and Income Disparity • Urban Informal Sector Exploitation

  44. Pervez Musharraf's Regime (1999-2008) • September 2004: Ministry of Women Development established. • July 2006: Ordinance signed for the bail of around 1300 women. • Late 2006: Women's Protection Bill passed, cancelling some Hudood Ordinances. • Quota Increase: Cabinet approves a 10% quota for women in Central Superior Services

  45. President Asif Zardari Government (2008-2013) • Legal Reforms: Adoption of laws including Protection against Harassment, Criminal Law (Amendment), Acid Control, and Prevention of Anti Women Practices. • Institutional Measures:Presentation of the National Commission for Human Rights Act 2012 and Women in Distress and Imprisonment Fund Act 2011. • Support Centers: Establishment of 26 Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Centers for women. • Financial Aid: One million women receiving assistance under Benazir Income Support Program. • Representation: Consideration for increased women representation in the judiciary

  46. Nawaz Sharif Government • Entrepreneurship Focus: Introduction of Prime Minister’s Youth Loan, with 50% allocation for women. • Commitment to Equality: Pursuit of equal opportunities for women, aligned with the Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW).

  47. Other Programmes: • AMAN Foundation • Aurat Foundation • Shirkat Gah • UN Women Pakistan • AGA Khan Foundation • Punjab Commission on the Status of Women (PCSW) • Benazir Income Support Program

  48. Progress • Legislative Measures: • Progress: Laws introduced for women's rights, addressing domestic violence and workplace discrimination. • Challenges: Enforcement gaps delay full legal protection realization. • Representation of women in the12th legislature of Pakistan. • Source: Pakistan Education Statistics

  49. Education: • Progress: Initiatives improved girls' access, boosting enrolment. • Challenges: Determined disparities, especially in rural areas, and high dropout rates. • Percentage of Female Enrolment • Source: Pakistan Education Statistics 2015-16-ABPAM

  50. Workforce Participation: • Progress: Women's formal workforce participation increased, notably in education and healthcare. • Challenges: Ongoing occupational segregation and a gender wage gap pose hurdles to economic empowerment. • Women Entrepreneurship: Male and female total early stage entrepreneurial activity in Pakistani regions, 2012 Source: Global Entrepreneurship Pakistan Report 2012

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