Presidents and Prime Ministers

1. Presidents and Prime Ministers • Only sixteen countries in the world have a directly elected president, out of the 60 or so countries that have democratic characteristics; the alternative to a president is a prime minister. • i. In a parliamentary system, like in Europe, the legislature, not the people, chooses the leader (the prime minister), who in turn chooses the other ministers from parliament members. • ii. The prime minister stays in power as long as his supporting party or coalition stays in power, and the voters vote for members of the parliament (usually by party), not for the leader.

2. Presidents and Prime Ministers • Presidents are usually (but not always) outsiders with little previous major political experience to Washington because they are not usually associated with the “mess in Washington” and voters thus elect them; meanwhile, since prime ministers are from the parliament, they are always insiders. • The President cannot choose Congressional members to be a part of his cabinet, but a prime minister’s cabinet can come from the parliament. • While a president may lead a Congress dominated by the opposing party, a prime minister’s party always controls parliament, and thus, in a parliamentary system, much work can be done quickly while the American system of checks and balances can slow down legislation drastically.

3. Divided Government • A divided government is when the president’s party is not the same as the party that controls the House or Senate

4. Divided Government • Unified governments, where the same party controls the presidency and Congress, are relatively rare. • Ex. George W. Bush • Many people complain about gridlock that comes from a divided gov’t, but there has been little proof to show that a divided gov’t is the cause of legislative gridlock. • The only time a truly unified gov’t is in power is when the same ideological wing of a party controls both branches, such as during Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal days or Lyndon B. Johnson’s Great Society Days, and only then does rapid change come.

5. Divided Government • Gridlock is a necessary part of representative democracy, a system that causes delays, intensifies deliberations, and forces compromises, as opposed to direct democracy, which is the opposite. • Gridlock is actually good in that it protects the interests of many, since gridlock only occurs when many diverse sides are present, and the more sides are present, the more people are being represented, and the more gridlock there can be.

6. Evolution of the Presidency • Many wanted an executive that was checked by a council that would have to approve all executive decisions, and few listened to Alexander Hamilton’s pleas for something that was very similar to an elective monarchy like in Britain. • Eventually, those who believed that a large nation could only be successfully ruled by single president with significant powers won out, and the U.S. Constitution created a single president with broad powers.

7. Evolution of the Presidency • Early politicians were worried that a president could take over state governments with its power over the militia or rig elections to re-elect himself over and over again. • The President will be chosen by the Electoral College; this is a group of people who were chosen by the states legislatures to vote for the president. Each state would receive the same amount of electoral votes as they had Congressmen.

8. Evolution of the Presidency • George Washington’s decision to serve two terms established a “two term precedent” that was not broken until Franklin Roosevelt’s presidency, and today, there is a two term limit for the president, as dictated by the 22nd Amendment. • Parties were not anticipated or wanted at first, but they became quite common, and the first few presidents were prominent, respected politicians who left office without any trouble; this, as well as the fact that early U.S. gov’t had relatively little to do, helped to legitimize the presidency.

9. The Evolution of the Presidency • When Andrew Jackson became president, he saw himself as the “Tribune of the People,” and he used his power more than ever, vetoing 12 acts of Congress • For the next hundred years, though (excluding the presidency of Lincoln, Polk at times, and Grover Cleveland), Congress thoroughly dominated the gov’t, becoming the leading institution.

10. Powers of the President • Only the president of the United States can: • 1. Serve as commander in chief of the armed forces • 2. Commission officers of the armed forces • 3. Grant reprieves and pardons for all federal offenses except impeachment • 4. Convene Congress in special sessions • 5. Receive ambassadors • 6.Take care that the laws be faithfully executed • 7. Wield “executive power” • 8. Appoint officials to lesser offices

11. Powers of the President • Powers of the President that are shared with the Senate: • 1. Make treaties • 2. Appoint ambassadors, judges, and high officials • Powers of the President that are shared with Congress • 1. Approve legislation

12. Powers of the President • Military Power • Commander in Chief (civilian control) • War Powers Resolution, 1973 • Prez must report to Congress within 48 hours after deployment • If Congress does not OK in 60 days, must withdraw • Check on president, attempt to limit president

13. Powers of the President • Diplomatic Power • Create treaties with foreign nations with Senate permission, 2/3 Senate approval (advice and consent) • Executive agreement – not permission needed, deal between heads of state, not binding to next administration • Diplomatic Recognition – power to officially recognize foreign gov as legit • Ex. 1917-1933 – USSR not recognized • Ex. 1949-1970s – China not recognized

14. Powers of the President • Appointment Power • Power to appoint ambassadors, public officers, and Supreme Court Judges with Senate approval • Civil Service – most governmental jobs under executive are filled based on merit system

15. The Office of the President • “Pyramid” model – assistants answer to a hierarchy up to a chief of staff, then the Chief of staff reports to the President • Ex. Eisenhower, Nixon, Reagan • “Circular” model – direct contact with staff • Ex. Carter • Significance: determines what aids have the most influence on presidential decisions

16. The office of the President • Executive Office of the President – report directly to the president but are not part of the White House • Heads of these departments are still apt. by the President by approved by the Senate • National Security Council – advises on military and foreign policy • Office of Management and Budget – prepares national budget, largest office • National Economic Council – advises with economic planning • Central Intelligence Agency – National Securtity

17. The Office of the President • Cabinet • 15 major department heads advising President • “Inner cabinet” – Secretary of State, treasury, attorney general, and defense

18. The Power to Say No • 2 types of Veto • 1. Veto message – a message sent back to Congress with the bill stating what the president does not like about the bill ( 2/3 of Congress needed to override) • 2. Pocket Veto – can only be used at the end of a Congressional season, however if the President lets a bill sit on his desk for more than 10 days • 1996 – line- item veto – always the President to veto certain parts of the bills but not the whole thing. ( Riders)

19. Executive Privilege • The Constitution says nothing about whether a president must divulge private communications between himself and his main advisors, and past presidents have claimed that separation of powers means that other branches don’t have to know what goes on in his executive branch. • Presidents have claimed executive privilege as reason for not turning over information (i.e. Nixon in Watergate), but in 1973, the Supreme Court ordered Nixon to hand over his Watergate tapes; in 1997, the Supreme Court ruled that the president could be sued by a private person.

20. Executive Priveledges • Impoundment • Presidential practice of refusing to spend money appropriated by Congress. • Budget Reform and Impoundment Act of 1974 – president must spend funds

21. Agenda Setting • The President can control public policy and discussion through… • The media • State of the Union speech • Make policy proposals • Encourage the Congress

22. Vice President • Preside over the Senate, tie breaking vote • Takes over the presidency if the President cannot finish term • 12th Amendment – voters choose President and VP together • Previous to 1804, the losing candidate became VP • 22nd Amendment – limited President to 2 terms, serving no more than 10 years • 25th Amendment – If the VP office is vacated, then the President can select a new VP