Chapter 13 North and South (1820-1860)

1. Chapter 13 North and South (1820-1860) Section 1 The North’s Economy

2. Chapter Time Line

3. Chapter Time Line

4. Section 1-Polling Question • A • B • C • D Which do you think is the most important innovation of the 1800s? A.The expanding railway system B.Faster communication C.Faster ships and trains D.More efficient manufacturing methods

5. Essential Question What innovations in industry, travel, and communications changed the lives of Americans in the 1800s?

6. Technology and Industry • Innovations in industry and technology began to change the way Americans worked and traveled • Industrialization in the North developed in 3 phases • 1. Manufacturers made products by dividing the tasks involved among the workers • 2. Manufacturers built factories to bring specialized workers together (Products made quicker) • 3. Factory workers used machinery to perform some of their work (Water or steam power) • From weaving to tending a machine

7. Section 1 • A • B • C • D What happened in the first phase of industrialization in the North? A.Factory workers used machinery to perform some of their work. B.Manufacturers made products by dividing the tasks involved among the workers. C.Waterpower and steam power were used to produce more products in less time. D.Manufacturers built factories to bring specialized workers together.

8. Mass Production in the North • Cotton textiles • Elias Howe invented the sewing machine in 1846 • Workers now created clothing on a large scale • Other industries also developed during the same time period • By 1860- The NORTHEAST’S factories produced at least 2/3 of the countries manufactured goods

9. Improved Transportation • Transportation improvements contributed to the success of America’s new industries • Between 1800 and 1850- thousands of miles of roads and canals were built • Canals opened new shipping routes • Robert Fulton’s steamboat could carry more goods and passengers more cheaply and quickly • Cities like Cincinnati, Buffalo, and Chicago grew • 1840’s- Clipper ships could sail 300 miles per day (“Clipped time” from shipping)

10. Locomotives • Railroads started with short stretches of track to connect mines with nearby rivers • Horses pulled the early trains • The first steam powered locomotive, the Rocket, began operating in Britain in 1829 • Peter Cooper created the first American steam locomotive in 1830 named Tom Thumb • Tom Thumb raced a horse with a train behind it • The horse won (Tom Thumb’s engine failed) • But within 10 years steam locomotives were pulling trains in the US

11. A Railway Network • 1840- The US had about 3,000 miles of track • By 1860- The US had almost 61,000 miles of track • Mostly in the NORTH and Midwest • Connected larger cities together • Railway builders connected these eastern lines to lines being built farther west in Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois • By 1860- The railroad track united the Midwest and East

12. Moving Goods and People • The railways transformed trade in the nation’s interior • No longer did people have to send agricultural goods down the Mississippi to market • Now east-west canal and rail network allowed grain, livestock, and dairy • Products could move directly from the Midwest to the East • Faster and cheaper • Manufacturers in the East could offer them at lower prices • Fast, affordable train travel brought people into Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois and the states populations grew • New towns and industries developed

13. Faster Communication • Growth of industry and new pace of travel created the need for better communication over vast distances • The telegraph filled the need • Samuel Morse demonstrated his “Morse Code” and sent messages across wires • Soon telegraph messages were flashed back and forth from Washington D.C. to Baltimore • The Associated Press was created in 1848 • By 1853- There were about 23,000 miles of telegraph lines in the US

14. Agriculture • Agricultural technology allowed farmers to greatly increase the size of the harvests they produced • There were few farmers west of Missouri, Iowa, and Minnesota • These areas seemed too difficult to farm • Settlers worried their wooden plows could not break the prairie’s matted sod • Plus they thought the soil was not fertile enough

15. Section 1 • A • B • C • D Why were American farmers reluctant to cultivate large areas in the Midwest? A.They feared tornadoes wiping out their crops B.Their wooden plows could not break through the prairie sod. C.They did not have access to new markets in which to sell their harvest D.The border dispute with Mexico made the Midwest unstable.

16. Revolution in Agriculture • 3 Revolutionary inventions of the 1830s changed farming methods and encouraged settlers to move west to farm • 1. John Deere’s steel tipped plow in 1837 • 2. The mechanical reaper sped up harvesting of wheat • 3. The thresher quickly separated the grain from the stalk

17. McCormick’s Reaper • Cyrus McCormick designed and created the mechanical reaper • Made a fortune manufacturing and selling it • Before McCormick’s Reaper, farmers harvested grain with handheld sickles • With McCormick’s Reaper, farmers could harvest grain much faster • Now farmers could plant more wheat and it became very profitable • This ensured raising wheat would remain the main economic activity in the Midwestern prairies

18. Farming • These new machines and railroads allowed farmers to devote more acres to cash crops • Midwestern farmers began growing wheat as a cash crop and shipping it to the east • Farmers in the Northeast and Middle Atlantic increased their production of fruits and vegetables • Despite improvements in agriculture, the North turned away from farming and toward industry • New England had rocky soil and industry flourished • The number of people working in factories continued to rise

19. Essential Question • What innovations in industry, travel, and communications changed the lives of Americans in the 1800s? • -Industry: Division of labor, factories that used steam and water powered machines, mass production • Travel: locomotives, steamboats, clipper ships, roads, canals, railroad networks • Communications: telegraph

20. Chapter 13 Section 1 Quiz

21. After industrialization, workers’ tasks changed. • True • False

22. The sewing machine increased the rate at which clothing was produced. • True • False

23. Canals made shipping goods cheaper and faster • True • False

24. The increased number of canals and railways slowed down the transportation of agriculture. • True • False

25. After the invention of revolutionary farming methods, settlers left the Great Plains area. • True • False

26. In the 1840s the pride of the open seas were the • steam-powered ships. • clipper ships. • iron-hulled ships. • prairie schooners.

27. By 1860 the United States had almost 31,000 • clipper ships. • miles of telegraph lines. • canals. • miles of railroad tracks.

28. Which invention filled the need for a method of communication that kept up with the industrial growth and fast-paced travel? • Morse code • telegraph • steam engine • railroads

29. What did John Deere invent in 1837? • the telegraph • the clipper ship • the steel-tipped plow • Morse code

30. An invention that ensured that raising wheat would remain the main economic activity in the Midwestern prairies was the • mechanical reaper. • mechanical horse. • thresher. • steel-tipped plow.

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