1 / 37

Chapter 12

Chapter 12. An Age of Reform 1820-1860. Wednesday, May 14, 2014. No Homework Do Now: Open your textbooks to page 412-413. Review the map and timeline, what changes are happening in the US from 1820-1860?. Improving Society. The Reforming Spirit Jacksonian Democracy

tate
Download Presentation

Chapter 12

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Chapter 12 An Age of Reform 1820-1860

  2. Wednesday, May 14, 2014 • No Homework • Do Now: Open your textbooks to page 412-413. Review the map and timeline, what changes are happening in the US from 1820-1860?

  3. Improving Society • The Reforming Spirit • Jacksonian Democracy • Expansion of democracy encouraged reform • Most states dropped the property requirement for voting • Political parties developed a more open way of nominating presidential candidates • Reformers wanted more • All men should be able to vote • Increased rights for women • Many were against slavery • No society that allowed one human to own another could be democratic

  4. Improving Society • The Second Great Awakening • Religious ideas also sparked reform • New generation of ministers challenged traditional views • Predestination was challenged • Idea that God decided the fate of a person’s soul even before birth • 2nd Great Awakening leaders said that a person’s actions determined their salvation • Charles Finney – most important of the 2nd Awakening preachers • Held many revivals in 1826 • Huge outdoor religious meeting • Basic result of the 2nd Great Awakening was that people came to believe that they had the power to improve themselves and their society

  5. Improving Society • Utopian Communities • Robert Owen • Founded a utopian community • Utopian refers to an ideal – perfect society • New Harmony • Community owned property • Everyone had jobs to do – all contributed for the good of the community • Food, wealth, land – all were shared equally • New Harmony was anything but harmonious • Community members constantly argued about goals and actions • The colony dissolved after about 2 years • Most utopian communities did not last long • Their downfall is because of one main problem People are GREEDY!

  6. Improving Society • Social Reformers at Work • Temperance Movement • Organized effort to end alcohol abuse and the problems created by it • Whiskey was the drink of choice • Cheaper than beer or milk • Safer than water • Frequently the water supply was contaminated • Many women were drawn to the movement • They and children suffered abuse from fathers and husbands who drank too much • Most Reformers favored Temperance (moderation) in drinking • Others chose to push for prohibition • A total ban on the sale and consumption of alcohol • 9 states passed laws banning the use/sale • The movement was interrupted by the civil war but re-emerged later

  7. Improving Society • Prison Reform • Prison system was very harsh • Poorly heated buildings, inadequate food, cramped conditions • They were designed so that people did not want to be there • Not all prisoners were criminals • Debtors were sent to prison • To pay a debt back – you had to work • You cannot work in prison • Many debtors spent years in jail • Dorothea Dix • Schoolteacher from Massachusetts who took up the cause of prison reform • Over time she convinced state legislatures to build new, sanitary and humane prisons • Also, debtors were no longer sent to jail

  8. Improving Society • Reforms for the Mentally Ill • Also led by Dorothea Dix • She saw what happened to the mentally ill and was shocked • The Mentally Ill were kept in prisons • They received punishment rather than treatment and care • As if it was their fault for their illness • Their conditions were often worse than prisoners • Kept in cages • Never let outside • Chained together • Dix lobbied state legislatures to build separate facilities • Asylums • Institutions where mentally ill people could receive care and treatment rather than punishment

  9. Improving Society • Education Reform • Need for better education • In the early 1800s many children received no education • Wealthy families hired private tutors • Poor children received no education outside the home • As a result, many Americans could not read or write • Reformers argued that education was important • Must make sure that voters were intelligently informed • Immigration was also on the rise • Better schools would help immigrants become part of American culture

  10. Improving Society • Horace Mann • Took the lead for education reform • Said public financing of education was essential for democracy to work • Became head of the state board of education in Massachusetts • Convinced the legislature to improve schools • Created colleges to train teachers • Raised the salaries of teachers • Lengthened the school year • Other states soon followed this example • By the 1850s public schools were common in the NE • The west and south lagged behind • But eventually they developed their own

  11. Improving Society • Education for African Americans • Public education did little for African Americans • Slave codes prohibited slaves from being taught to read and write • In the north, free black children were seldom permitted to enter the same schools as whites • Some reformers tried to improve • Prudence Crandall • Quaker teacher who opened a school for African American girls in Connecticut. • Hostile neighbors attacked and destroyed the school • Some opportunities did open up • African American teachers opened their own private schools • Harvard and Oberlin universities allowed African Americans to attend • In 1854 Ashmun Institute opened in Pennsylvania • First college for African American Men

  12. Wednesday, October 9, 2013 • No Homework  • Do Now: have out homework from last night (reforms)

  13. The Fight Against Slavery • Roots of the Anti-Slavery Movement • Slavery Ends in the North • 1780 – Pennsylvania became the first state to pass a law eliminating slavery gradually • In 1803 Ohio entered the union as a free state • By 1804 – every northern state pledged to end slavery • The Colonization Movement • Anti-slavery organization established in 1817 • They had a novel idea… • Free slaves, and transport them to a colony established in Africa • Liberia

  14. Thursday, October 10, 2013 • Homework: page 426 1-3 • Do Now: Take out notes from yesterday and be ready to continue

  15. The Fight Against Slavery • Growing Opposition to Slavery • Inspired by the 2nd Great Awakening • Abolitionists • Reformers who wanted to abolish, or end, slavery • They rejected a gradual end – wanted it stopped ASAP • William Lloyd Garrison • Quaker abolitionists • Did not want violence used • Was more radical than others – wanted full political rights for all African Americans • Began a newspaper in 1831 – The Liberator • Co-founded the Anti-Slavery Society • Members included Theodore Weld • Sarah and Angelina Grimke

  16. The Fight Against Slavery • African American Abolitionists • 1829 – David Walker – Appeal: To the Coloured Citizens of the World • pamphlet that encouraged enslaved people to rebel, if necessary, to regain their freedom • Frederick Douglas • Most influential of African American Abolitionists • Had been born into slavery • Broke the law by learning how to read and write • Escaped to freedom in the North • Risked being sent back to slavery by speaking out in public • Began his own newspaper for Abolition The North Star

  17. The Fight Against Slavery • A Former President Takes a Stand • John Quincy Adams • Now a member of congress • Read anti-slavery petitions from the floor of the house • Proposed a constitutional amendment that would ban slavery in any new states • Amendment was not passed • Argued in front of the U.S. Supreme Court for the freedom of the captive African Americans aboard the Amistad

  18. The Fight Against Slavery • The Underground Railroad • A Network of People • Black and white, northerner and southerner • All helped slaves reach freedom • Working for the ‘railroad’ was illegal • ‘conductors’ led slaves from one ‘station’ to another • Supporters helped by donating food, money, and clothing • Levi Coffin – an Indiana Quaker – assisted more than 3,000 slaves • Harriet Tubman • Escaped from slavery and helped 300 others to freedom • Nicknamed the ‘Black Moses’ • Southern slave owners offered $40,000 for her capture

  19. The Fight Against Slavery • Opposing Abolition • Profits • Many northerners profited from the existence of slavery • Textile mills and merchants counted on the cotton produced in the south • Northern workers feared freed slaves would take their jobs • These fears prompted violence • William Lloyd Garrison was dragged through the streets with a rope around his neck in Boston • Georgia offered a $50,000 reward for the arrest and conviction of Garrison for libel • Gag Rule • Won in congress by southerners – it blocked discussion of anti-slavery petitions • J.Q. Adams fought the rule, but lost

  20. A Call for Women’s Rights • The Struggle Begins • In 1820 – Women’s rights were limited • They could not: • Serve on juries • Vote • Attend college • Become doctors or lawyers • Married women couldn’t own property • Some women stood up against this • Sojourner Truth • Born into slavery – she was illiterate • Her words inspired crowds that heard her • She became a powerful voice for freedom and equality

  21. Monday, October 14, 2013 • Christopher Columbus, Villain or Hero? Essay due Friday (typed, double spaced!) • Do Now: What happened when Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton tried to attend the anti-slavery convention?

  22. A Call for Women’s Rights • Lucretia Mott • Anti-Slavery Quaker • Because Quakers allowed women to take public roles, she had experience in organization and public speaking most other women did not • Went to London to attend an international anti-slavery convention • Elizabeth Cady Stanton • Another abolitionist • Was in London with her husband – a delegate to the Anti-Slavery Convention • The Two Meet • Mott and Stanton tried to attend the convention • They were told “No Women Allowed” • This infuriated them

  23. A Call for Women’s Rights • Declaration of Sentiments • Mott and Stanton agreed on the need for a convention to advance women’s rights • Summer of 1848 – Seneca Falls, NY • Met to discuss the social, civil, and religious rights of women • More than 300 men and women attended • Stanton wrote a declaration of sentiments modeled on the declaration of independence • “we hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men and women are created equal” • The declaration then listed the injustices society placed upon women

  24. A Call for Women’s Rights • Call for Suffrage • Begun by Stanton with her argument for rights • Suffrage is the right to vote • Some women were divided on the issue • Lucretia Mott argued that the issue was so controversial that trying to gain the right would hurt their other causes • New Opportunities for Women • The Seneca Falls Convention launched the women’s rights movement • An organized effort to improve the political, legal, and economic status of women in American Society

  25. A Call for Women’s Rights • Political Victories • Susan B. Anthony • Became a close ally of Stanton • Fought for women’s suffrage • Anthony was unmarried • Unlike Stanton she could travel across the country • Stanton wrote speeches from her home while taking care of her growing family • Together they founded the Women’s Suffrage Association • Susan was arrested in 1872 for voting in the Presidential Election

  26. A Call for Women’s Rights • Education for Women • More opportunities for women • Girls were rarely taught math and science, those were reserved for boys who would grow up to be voters, citizens, and professionals • Emma Willard • Began an academy for girls in Troy, NY • Soon became the model for girls’ schools • Mary Lyon • Opened Mount Holyoke Female Seminary • First college for women • Showed that women could indeed learn subjects like geometry, chemistry, and Latin

  27. A Call for Women’s Rights • New Careers • Gradually society began to accept that women could be educated and do other professions • Margaret Fuller • Began a career as a journalist, scholar, and literary critic • Elizabeth Blackwell • First woman to graduate from an American Medical College • Maria Mitchell • Astronomer, first professor hired at Vassar College

  28. Tuesday, October 15, 2013 • Homework: • Columbus essay due Friday • Page 431 Key terms and people for tomorrow • Do Now: page 430 # 1,2,5

  29. American Literature and Arts • An American Culture Develops • American Themes • Art and literature reflected optimism and energy • Their works were about things uniquely American • Two Early Writers • Washington Irving • The Legend of Sleepy Hollow • Rip Van Winkle • James Fenimore Cooper • The Deerslayer • The Last of the Mohicans

  30. Thursday, October 17, 2013 • Homework: Essay due tomorrow! Chapter 12 test Tuesday! • DO Now: have out homework, compare with a partner

  31. American Literature and Arts • Transcendentalism • Movement that looked to explore the relationship between humans and nature through emotions rather than reason • They urged people to seek goodness and truth within their own souls • Ralph Waldo Emerson • Leading transcendentalist • Asked people to question the value of material goods in his speeches and essays • Stressed individualism • The unique importance of each individual • Henry David Thoreau • Urged people to live simply • Encouraged civil disobedience • Idea that people should peacefully disobey unjust laws if their consciences demand it • This inspired civil rights leaders like Martin Luther King Jr.

  32. American Literature and Arts • Flowering of American Literature • Herman Melville • Moby Dick (1851) • Tale of a captain who is obsessed with pursuing a white whale. In the end, the captain destroys himself, his ship, and his crew • Nathaniel Hawthorne • The Scarlet Letter (1850) • A young minister is destroyed by secret guilt. • Hawthorne explored the dark side of the mind. • Louisa May Alcott • Little Women (1868) • Novel based on her own experiences growing up with three sisters.

  33. American Literature and Arts • Poets of Democracy • Poets helped create a new national voice • Henry Wadsworth Longfellow • Based poems on American History • Paul Revere’s Ride • Song of Hiawatha • Walt Whitman • Leaves of Grass • Book of poems • John Greenleaf Whittier • Frances Watkins Harper • Both wrote poems that condemned slavery

  34. American Literature and Arts • Art and Music • Painting America • Some painters sought to stir emotions by reproducing the beauty of nature – others painted everyday life • Thomas Cole • Painted scenes of the Hudson River • George Caleb Bingham • Timeless picture of life on the great rivers • George Catlin • Captured the ways and dignity of Native Americans

  35. American Literature and Arts • Popular Songs • Most early American songs had roots in English, Irish, or Scottish tunes • Over time a wider variety emerged • Working songs hummed by sailors or workers • Spiritual songs sung by slaves • Stephen Collins Foster • Father of American Music • “Camptown Races” • “Old Folks at Home” • “Oh! Susanna!”

More Related