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This chapter delves into essential principles regarding matter and energy, highlighting key concepts such as mass, energy types (kinetic and potential), and the laws of conservation. It explains the distinction between chemical and physical properties, as well as mixtures versus pure substances. The text also introduces atoms, molecules, and classifications of elements and compounds. Furthermore, it includes practical applications, such as metric conversions and significant digits in measurements. This foundational knowledge is vital for comprehending advanced scientific topics.
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AP Chapter 1 Some Fundamental Concepts
Mass • Measurement of the amount of matter.
Chemical Property • Does it react and if so how? • A chemical property is any of a material's properties that becomes evident during a chemical reaction; that is, any quality that can be established only by changing a substance's chemical identity.
Physical Property • Any property other than a description of reactivity or non-reactivity. • A physical property is any aspect of an object or substance that can be measured or perceived without changing its identity.
Mixture Heterogeneous Homogeneous
Mixture Heterogeneous Solution
Mixtures • Can be separated by physical means. • Can vary in composition
Pure Substance • Does not vary in composition. • Elements or Compounds.
Element • a pure substance consisting of one type of atom. • Cannot be decomposed chemically.
Compound • A pure substance consisting of two or more different elements that can be separated into simpler substances by chemical reactions. • Chemical compounds consist of a fixed ratio of atoms. • H2O, NaCl
Atoms and Molecules • The atom is a basic unit of matter consisting of a dense, central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons. • The atom is the smallest particle of an element. • A molecule consists of two or more atoms bonded together.
What is it? Na H2O2 S8
Metric Prefixes • • • • • • •
(7.75 x 10-6m) x (2.07 x 1019m) = 1.60425 x 1014 1.60 x 1014 m2
Factor – Label Method • I do not plan on putting factor – label problems on this particular test. • However you will be using factor – label method on many tests this year.
Convert 152 mL to dL 1.52 dL
Convert 1.38kg to cg 138,000 cg
Convert 0.56 cm to m 5600 m
The maximum dosage of a medication is 50,000 μg/day. An IV drip can be set in mg/hr. What should the IV drip be set at?
The maximum dosage of a medication is 50,000 μg/day. An IV drip can be set in mg/hr. What should the IV drip be set at? 2.08 mg/hr
A geologist measures an advancing glacier at a rate of 2.5 mm/hr. What is this rate in km/year?
A geologist measures an advancing glacier at a rate of 2.5 mm/hr. What is this rate in km/year? 0.0219 km/year
Rules for Significant Digits • All non-zero digits are significant.
