America's Industrial Evolution: From Railroads to Labor Unions

1. Standards 5 & 6

2. America’s Industrialization • 1869 Promontory, Utah – golden spike • 1862 Pacific Railway Act Central Pacific from Calif Union Pacific from Omaha get federal land as an incentive to do so

3. Chinese • Helped build the RR • Then discrimination • 1868 – barred from becoming naturalized citizens • 1882 – Chinese Exclusion Act stalled immigration of Chinese workers • Repealed 1943

4. Robber Barons • Eliminate competition – increase monopoly – then charge what you want • Cornelius Vanderbilt – New York RRs • Jay Gould – Union Pacific • Many did with Railroads • Used fraudulent practices to amass wealth ex: printing worthless stocks – and selling them as if they had worth

5. Industrial Revolution • Before mostly farmers • New machines, transportation, communication • Factories built (textiles first – Sutter) • Changes to society – now work in factories in cities • Mass production, assembly line, repetitive work, work for wage • Growth of cities

6. The Workers • Paid low wages • No protection from injuries • No health care • Young children in labor force – no laws to protect • Many women in factories

7. Labor Unions • Knights of Labor • American Federation of Labor • Congress of Industrial Organizations • Worked for better wages and conditions for workers

8. Labor Strikes and Violence • Haymarket Square Riot – 1868 • Homestead Steel Strike – 1892 • Pullman Strike 1894 • Unions seen as anarchists – not supported • Government on side of business – did little to help labor • Sherman Anti-Trust Act – originally to fight business monopolies – actually used against labor unions (restraint of trade)

9. Triangle Shirtwaist Fire - 1911 • Changes attitude toward labor • Fire in building – doors locked – people jump to their deaths

10. New Ways of doing business • Trusts – control of stock under board of trustees • Monopolies • Vertical Integration – Andrew Carnegie – U.S. Steel – own all parts of producing product from natural resource to means of transport

11. Growth of Middle Class • Industrialization = improved living • Cheaper products due to mass production – more goods for all • Public education • Prepared foods • Leisure time – sports, music

12. Agricultural Movement • Granger Movement • National Grange – social and educational at first (farmers isolated) • Then political – fight the monopolies of the railroads (rrs were charging whatever knew they had a captive market)

13. Populist Movement • Or People’s Party • Grew out of Granger Movement • Government ownership of RRs • Direct election of Senators • Return to bimetal monetary system • Dies out when William Jennings Bryan is nominated as Dem candidate – he basically usurped their platform

18. Immigration • Irish – mid 1800s – Great Famine in Ireland – potato blight wipes out staple crop • Southern and Eastern Europe – late 1800s to early 1900s – economic betterment • Bring new cultures – Catholicism – languages – food – and ideas

19. Settled in • Cities • In cities tended to live in neighborhoods with immigrants from their country • Many Scandinavians and Germans moved west to farm

20. Reaction to • Harassed • Chinese Exclusion Act • Johnson-Reed Act 1924 – immigration quotas • 1907 – voluntary Japanese emigration restriction

21. Urbanization • Cities grew with technology • Streetcars • Electric lightbulb • Skyscrapers – elevators • Answer to lack of land – build up

22. Jacob Riis • Tenements – small crowded, dark apartments • No electricity, running water, outhouse at first – then one bathroom per floor • Riis – NY photographer document same – made public aware of conditions • Book – How the Other Half Lives

23. The Great Migration • WWI – restricted immigration – but factories in north need workers • Many Af Ams in South move north to fill jobs • W.E.B. Du Bois – founder NAACP

24. Women’s Suffrage • Seneca Falls Convention 1848 – first large meeting of women – discussing rights • Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony • Demanding right to vote

28. The Progressive Movement

29. Gilded Age – late 1800s • Time of great disparity of wealth

30. Progressivism • Reform movement • Saw ills of society and government and wanted to change them • “muckrakers” journalists, novelists expose abuses in business • Ida Tarbell “History of Standard Oil” exposes monopolies

31. Pendleton Act 1883 • Civil Service Commission • Get federal jobs based on competency not who you know (spoils system)

32. Interstate Commerce Act • Railroads must establish reasonable and just rates

33. Pure Food and Drug Act - 1906 • Upton Sinclair “The Jungle” • Unsanitary meat packing industry • Led to Food and Drug Administration 1927

34. Overview of Progressive Changes • 16th amendment – income taxes • Keating-Owen Child Labor Act • 17th amendment direct election of senators • Primary elections • 19th amendment – women suffrage • Jane Addams – Hull House Chicago – settlement house – help immigrants and impoverished

38. Teddy Roosevelt • “trust buster” • Uses Sherman Anti-Trust Act against business

39. Foreign Developments

40. Imperialism • Country extends political and economic influence over other countries • 1893 Hawaii becomes possession of U.S. • Sugar plantation owners requested • Economic gain drove imperialism

41. China • Spheres of influence • Areas where foreign powers have influence over trade • Boxer Rebellion – Chinese response to • Open Door Policy – John Hay U.S. – equal trade access

42. Spanish American War • 1898 • Cuba • U.S. warship Maine blown up • Yellow journalism – exaggerate things • Theodore Roosevelt and Rough Riders • U.S. wins – Philipines, Guam, Puerto Rico

43. Roosevelt’s Corollary to Monroe Doctrine • Establishes U.S. as policing power of Western Hemisphere • Big Stick Policy of Roosevelt • William Howard Taft – dollar diplomacy – money to build up companies • Woodrow Wilson – moral diplomacy – spread peace and democracy

44. Panama Canal • French began construction – left • U.S. tries to get control of canal zone form Colombia – they refuse • So meet with Panamanian businessmen and plan a revolution • Hay-Bunau-Barilla Treaty – gave U.S. control of area

45. World War I

46. Background causes • Militarism – arms race • Imperialism • Nationalism – loyalty to nation • Assassination of Franz Ferdinand immediate cause • Serbia – Princips is assassin • Black Hand nationalist group

47. Central Powers – Germany, Austria Hungary, Ottoman Empire • Allied Powers – Great Britain, France, Russia (late U.S.)

48. Modern War • Total War – all resources of nations put into winning the war • Submarines, airplanes, mustard gas, tanks, armored tanks, trench warfare

49. U.S. and WWI • Wilson – isolationist • 1915 Lusitania hit by German U Boat • Zimmerman note • 1917 intensified U-Boat warfare draws U.S. into war

50. The war • 2 fronts – Western and Eastern