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PLANT KINGDOM

PLANT KINGDOM. Dr Afiq bin Aziz Mr Y usmadi bin Yusof Mr Randy anak D araman. Learning outcomes. To differentiate the phylum in plant kingdom. To distinguish features of plants. To know the origin and evolution of land plants.

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PLANT KINGDOM

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  1. PLANT KINGDOM Dr Afiq bin Aziz MrYusmadi bin Yusof Mr Randy anakDaraman

  2. Learning outcomes • To differentiate the phylum in plant kingdom. • To distinguish features of plants. • To know the origin and evolution of land plants. • To learn the characteristics and life cycle of plant kingdom. • To identify the seed producing vascular plants.

  3. Kingdom plantae • Plants are multicellular eukaryote. • Have cell wall made of cellulose. • Chloroplast is the double membrane organelle that act as starch-nutrient reserve. • Evolved from green algae. (480 million years ago) • Exhibit alternation of generation. • Classification based on their transport tissue, seeds, flowers, fruits and molecular evidence.

  4. Classification of plant

  5. 12 phyla of plant

  6. Diversity of bryophytes 1 :- liverwort (liver shaped herb) • 6000 species, vary in size and shape. • Gametophyte has 2 shapes – flat and ribbon like. • Reproduce asexually with gammae cup and detached gammae grow into new plants. • Sexual reproduction – swimming sperm fertilize eggs produced by female gametophyte. • Resulting sporophyte generation includes a spore containing capsule attached to the gametophyte.

  7. 2 :- hornworts (horn shaped herb) 100 species, sporophyte are horn like and below it flat gametophyte. • Unlike archegonia of the other bryophyte, hornwort archegonia is not discrete, it embedded in the small, rosette like gametophyte. • Unlike most land plants but many green algae, hornwort cells have only one chloroplast each. (a clue for their aquatic habitat).

  8. 3 :- Mosses • Most familiar bryophytes. • Live in diverse habitats and often grow alongside flowering plants. • Gametophyte resemble leaves but only one cell layer thick. • Brown/green moss sporophyte does not resemble the gametophyte. • Uses: stuff furniture, condition soil, absorb oil spills, damp cushion and plants for shipment.

  9. Janganmengantuklagi….Banyaklagi yang menarik..TUNGGU!!

  10. Pteridophyta Sporophytes: • Organs: roots, stem (rhizome or erect stem), frond (stipe, rachis, lamina) • Sporesbearing sporangium produced by lamina (sporophyll) or leaf axils • Sporophylls (fertile lamina)  cone (strobilus), sporocarp or spike • Spores  Sporangium  aggregates into sorus(plural - sori)orsynangium(compound unit) • Sporangium: Eusporangiate (multi cells initial) andLeptosporangiate(single cell initial  advance) • Inducium: sporangial protector (parts of modified lamina or specific tissues). Types: true inducium and false inducium

  11. Some organs covered by hairs on their surface. Colour, structure and sizes variable. • Frond: pinnate, bi/tri/quadripinnate, pinnatifid/ bipinatifid • Spores: homosporusor heterosporus(megaspores & microspores) • Young fronds coiled crozier, reddish, rosette Habitat and distribution: • Terrestrial (open/shaded), epiphytes, climbers, sandy coast, mangroves, pond, wild (open areas/forest/urban), cultivated

  12. Classification: A. Fern Allies 1. Div. Psilophyta - green aerial shoots (chladophylls) and pale underground branch (rhizomes) - leaf, size reduced, small (scale), no clear function - rhizomes, symbiosis with mychorrizal fungi - primitive vascular system - terrestrial, epiphytes from lowland to 1000 m ASL - spores born in triplet sporangium (synangium), homospores Examples: Psilotumnudum (terrestrial), P. complanatum (epiphytes)

  13. 2. Div. Microphyllophyta Fam: Lycopodiaceae and Fam: Selaginellaceae • Creepers, epiphytes (pendulum) • Leaves small (microphylls), arrangement spiral or in pair - sporangia born in cone (strobilus) at branch’s apex Examples: Lycopodium sp. (terrestrial, epihytes, 6 species) and Selaginella(terrestrial, 74 species)

  14. MEH TENGOK POKOK MICROPHYLLOPHYTA

  15. Microphyllophyta

  16. 3. Div. Arthrophyta • Sporophytes erect, fertile and sterile on different branches • Stem differentiated: nodes & internodes. Nodes covered by small, scale-like leaves united laterally to form brown sheath • In ponds, marshes, damp shaded forest floor • 1 species in Malaysia: Equisetum debile

  17. Arthrophyta

  18. Div. 4 Pter(id)ophyta (True ferns) • Fronds prominent with stipe, rachis, lamina • Sporophytes and sporulation: Variable in shapes and sizes  classification • Malaysia: 31 families with > 1000 species • Habitat (some examples): - Sandy coast, mangroves: Acrostichum - Cultivated: Asplenium, Platycerium, Nephrolepis - Urban, plantation: Drynaria, Davalia, Ophioglossum, Drymoglossum - Pond, paddy field: Azolla, Ceratopteris, Salvinia, Marsilea

  19. True fern: i. Eusporangiate: Sporangium produced by epidermal and mesophyll tissues of sporophyll. This is one of the characteristic of primitives fern group. Example: Ophioglossaceae, Marattiaceae ii. Leptosporangiate: Sporangial born from epidermal cells only. Many modern fern produced sporangium of this kind.

  20. True fern

  21. Tumpanglalukaknak pi tengokapaitupokokCycadophyta

  22. Cycadophyta • eg.: Cycusrumphii (bogak, sikad) , C. revoluta, Encephalartos, Zamia (introduced). • Habitat: shrub, tree, palms like • Un-branched stem • Circinate (rolled young leaf)  characteristics of ferns. • Frond pinnate  crown roset at the apical stem • Dioecious • Microsporophyll compact strobilus at apical stem • Megasporophyll loose strobilus at the axils of the crown

  23. Coniferophyta • Evergreen plants • Distribution  temperate • Shrub, tree, branch stem • Produced resin • Leaf needle shape  temperate • Leaf with lamina  tropical (Agathis, damar) • Diesious or monoesious-unisex • Seed winged with 2 or > cotyledon • Eg.: Podocarpus and Agathis (damar) locals, Araucaria & Pinus(introduced)

  24. Gnetophyta • Eg.: Gnetum, melinjau • Tree (1 sp. Cultivated  G. gnemon and 9 sp. climbers in the forest • Modern or advance Gymnosperms • Without resin vessels • Leaf, pinat or simple, reticulate veins • Woody stem (as in dikot) • Strobilus unisex or dwisex (♀ reduced) • Embrio with 2 cotyledon

  25. Tunggu sat nakterangpasalGinkgophytani!!!

  26. Ginkgophyta • eg.: G. biloba The only species alive • Distribution: China, Japan and Taiwan  shade plant and commercial  export seed • Trees, dioecious • Megasporophyll 2 ovules • Microsporophyll  strobilus

  27. Characteristic Features of Angiosperms • Angiosperms (Gr., angios = vessel or receptacle; sperma = seed). • The ovules always borne in the closed sporophyll – carpel. • Flowers – an arrangement of micro and megasporophylls – can be uni/bisexual. • Pollen grains received on the stigma of carpal • Fertilisation takes place by development of pollen tubes. • Seed or seeds remain enclosed in the ripened ovary – fruit. • Double fertilisation/fusion – characteristic of the angiosperms

  28. Angiosperms form the largest group in plant kingdom – 300 fam, 8000 genera and 300,000 species. • Highest evolved plant on earth • Found almost everywhere, in each possible habitat and climate • Deep lakes to the highest peak of mountains • E.g. Opuntia(Cactaceae) can survive in the hottest desert. • Rhizophora – mangrove vegetation thrive in the muddy area near the sea. • Epiphytes, parasites, saprophytes, symbionts and even insectivorous plants. • Annual, biennial or perennial herbs, shrubs, trees, climbers, and lianas. • From the minutes (Wolfiamicroscopica) to the biggest tree – 300 ft in height (Sequia).

  29. ANGIOSPERMAE • Vegetative body: leaf, stem and root • Organs  modified: i. Flower (flos) and fruit (fructus)  from apical or axillary shoot ii. Spines, thorns (spina)  from stipule or shoot iii Tendrils (cirrhus) leaf, shoot or branch iv. Tubers, rhizomes (rhizoma), bulb (bulbus) etc.  stem • Other accessory (appendage): a. Hair (pilus) b. Scale (lepis) c. Lenticels (lenticulus)

  30. Maknaktanyastrukturbungamacammana?

  31. FLOWER STRUCTURE

  32. Dicotyledons One cotyledon (seed leaf) Two cotyledons (seed leaves) • Monocotyledons Leaves parallel-veined Leaves with reticulate (net) venation  Vascular bundles in a ring Scattered vascular bundles Flower parts in 3's or multiples of 3 Flower parts not in multiples of 3

  33. Dicotyledons Secondary growth - trees • Monocotyledons No true secondary growth - generally herbs Adventitious roots Primary and adventitious roots

  34. THANK YOU

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