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Understanding Periodic Trends and Properties

Explore the periodic table to determine trends in valence electrons, types of ions, locations of metals, nonmetals, metalloids, and phases at room temperature. Understand group and period properties of representative elements. Learn about hydrogen, metals, nonmetals, metalloids, and different element families. Discover the characteristics of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, halogens, and noble gases. Gain insights into the phases of elements, vocabulary like valence electrons, cations, anions, and the octet rule.

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Understanding Periodic Trends and Properties

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  1. SPS4a Determine the trends of the following: • Number of valence electrons • Types of ions formed by representative elements • Location of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids • Phases at room temperature Periodic Properties SPS4b Use the Periodic Table to predict the above properties for the representative elements.

  2. Groups • The group number is the number assigned to a verticalcolumn on the periodic table. • Another name for group is a Family • There are 18 groups in the periodic table. • Groups 1, 2, 13 – 18 are representative

  3. Periods • 1. The period number is the number assigned to a horizontalrow on the periodic table. • 2. The number of protons increase from left to right across a period. • 3. This number is the atomic number. • The period number indicates how many energy levels (rings) each atom has.

  4. Hydrogen • Hydrogen belongs to a family of its own. • Hydrogen is a diatomic, reactive gas. • Hydrogen was involved in the explosion of the Hindenberg. • Hydrogen is promising as an alternative fuel source for automobiles http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xiAT9xvTVKI&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1

  5. METALS • shiny-luster • solids (except Hg) • malleable • ductile (stretch to wire) • conduct heat & electricity • most elements are metals

  6. NONMETALS • solids, liquids & gases • luster-dull • brittle • poor conductors • upper-right hand corner (& H)

  7. Metalliods • along stairstepline – between B & Al (Al is not a metalloid!) • classified as nonmetals but conduct heat and electricity under certain conditions • some metal & nonmetal properties

  8. Alkali Metals Periodic Family Names Alkaline Earth Metals Nobl e gases Halogens (D- Block) <---Transition Metals-----------> (F—block) <-----------------Inner transition------------------>

  9. Group 1 - Alkali Metals • soft, shiny • reacts violently with water • VERY reactive, one valence e- to lose; • cation

  10. Alkali metals • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m55kgyApYrY&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1

  11. Group 2 - Alkaline Earth Metals • 2 valence e-; cation • reactive

  12. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m55kgyApYrY&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m55kgyApYrY&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1

  13. Transition Metals • Elements in groups 3-12 • Less reactive harder metals • Includes metals used in jewelry and construction. • Metals used “as metal.”

  14. Transition Metals • Groups 3-12 • Ions change – changes properties • NOT REPRESENTATIVE!

  15. Halogens • Elements in group 17 • Very reactive, volatile, diatomic, nonmetals • Always found combined with other element in nature . • Used as disinfectants and to strengthen teeth.

  16. Halogens • -Group 17 • -1 ions, highly reactive • 7 valence e-

  17. Noble Gases • Elements in Group 18 • Noble gases are usually unreactive. • This is because they have fullvalence shells. • Elements with full valence shells do not easily gain or lose electrons.

  18. Noble Gas Stability • Atoms want to gain stability, like the noble gases. • Atoms will try to gain or lose electrons to have a full valence shell.

  19. Noble Gases • Group 18 • unreactive, 8 valence e- • exist as single atoms, inert

  20. Phases of Elements • 1. Liquids: You must know: Hg and Br • 2. Gases: Don’t memorize, but you need to know their general location. Gases are towards the right side of the periodic table. • 3. Solids: All metals, except Hg - mercury

  21. Vocabulary to know • Valence electron: electrons in the outermost energy level (ring) • Cation: (+) charged ion • Anion: (-) charged ion

  22. Why ions form... • To get as close to an “octet” as possible

  23. Octet Rule • Atoms tend to share, gain or lose electrons to have a set of eight (8) electrons in their outer shell.

  24. http://www.archive.org/details/hindenberg_explodes • http://www.vidicom-tv.com/tohiburg.htm

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