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Delve into the realm of arthrology, the scientific study of joints and articulations. Uncover the diverse types of joints — synarthrotic, amphiarthrotic, and diarthrotic — based on immovability and mobility. Explore the structural classifications of fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints, and learn about key joint shapes and special movements. Enhance your knowledge of bursae, tendon sheaths, and joint stability factors in this comprehensive guide to joint anatomy.
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Synarthrotic Joints • No joint capsule and no movement between adjacent bones • Suture • Dense Fibrous CT • Gomphosis • Fibrous Peridontal Ligaments • Synchondrosis – Hyaline Cartilage • Epiphyseal Line (plate) • Synostosis – Bony Joints (Fused)
Synovial Joint pg 215
SYNOVIAL JOINT PERIOSTEUM LIGAMENT JT CAVITY FIBROUS CAPSULE SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE ARTICULAR CARTILAGE
Knee Joint • Much more complex than elbow • Much less stable than other hinge joints • Some gliding and rotation • structurally 3 separate joints • No single joint capsule
pg 225 Joint Shapes • Saddle: articular surface both concave + convex • side-to-side, back-forth movement • (eg) carpometacarpal jt of thumb • Ball + Socket: spherical head + round socket • multiaxial movement • (eg) shoulder, femur
Bursae & Tendon Sheaths • Bursae: flat, fibrous sac w/synovial membrane lining • Tendon Sheaths: elongated bursae that wraps around tendons • 3 Factors in Joint Stability: • Muscle Tone • Ligaments • Fit of Articular Surface pg 219
pg 224 Joint Shapes • Hinge: cylindrical end of 1 bone fits into trough shape of other • angular movement-1 plane (eg) elbow, ankle, interphalangal • Plane: articular surface in flat plane • Short gliding movement • (eg) intertarsal, articular processes of vertebrae
pg 225 Joint Shapes • Condyloid: egg-shape articular surface + oval concavity • side-to-side, back+forth movement • (eg) metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) • Pivot: round end fits into ring of bone + ligament • rotation on long axis • (eg) prox. radius/ulna, atlas/dens
Representative Articulations Temporomandibular Joint Mostly hinge joint, some gliding and rotation Articular disc
Special Movements супінація і пронація Протракція (висування) Ретракція (засування)
BURSAE AND TENDON SHEATHS CORACOACRMIAL LIGAMENT SUBACROMIAL BURSA TENDON SHEATH
ELBOW JOINT BICEPS TENDON TROCHLEA SYNOVIAL CAVITY BURSA
Tendon Sheaths and Bursae • Bursa is saclike extension of joint capsule that extends between nearby structures allowing them to slide more easily past each other • Tendon sheaths are elongated cylinders of connective tissue lined with synovial membrane & wrapped around a tendon • numerous in hand and foot
TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS • 1. PLANE JOINTS-ARTICULAR SURFACES ARE PLNE AND ALLOW ONLY GLIDING MOVEMENTS • 2. HINGE JOINTS-CYLINDRICAL SURFACE OF ONE JOINT FITS IN THE TROUGH SHAPE OF THE OTHER. ALLOW MOVEMENT AROUND 1 AXIS • 3. PIVOT JOINTS- THE ROUNDED END OF ONE BONE FORMS INTO A RING FORMED BY THE OTHER BONE PLUS A LIGAMENT.MOVEMENT OCCURS IN 1 AXIS • 4. CONDYLOID- THE EGG SHAPED SURFACE OF ONE BONE FITS INTO THE CONCAVE SURFACE OF THE OTHER .ALLOW MOVEMENT IN 2 AXIS • 5.SADDLE-ARTICULAR SURFACES IF BOTH BONES ARE CONCAVE AND CONVEX( SADDLE) BIAXIAL JOINT. • 6. BALL AND SOCKET-SPHERICAL HEAD OF ONE BONE FITS INTO THE SOCKET OF THE OTHER. MUTIAXIAL JOINT
DEFINITION- ARTHROLOGY IS THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF JOINTS , AND ARTICULATIONS. • SITE WHERE RIGID ELEMEMTS OF THE SKELETON MEET ARE CALLED ARTICULATIONS. CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS: • CLASSIFICATION BASED ON FUNCTION: • CLASSIFICATION BASED ON STRUCTURE
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON FUNCTION • SYNARTHROSES-IMMOVABLE JOINTS (sutures) • AMPHIARTHROSES- SLIGHTLY MOVABLE JOINTS( FIBROUS CONNECTION)( intervetebral discs) • DIARTHROSES-FREELY MOVABLE JOINTS( SYNOVIAL) • SYNARTHROSES AND AMPHIARTHROSES ARE LARGELY RESTRICTED TO THE AXIAL SKELETON • DIARTHROSES PREDOMINATE IN THE LIMBS
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON STRUCTURE • BASED ON THE MATERIAL THAT BINDS THE BONES TOGETHER, AND ON THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF JOINT CAVITY. • FIBROUS JOINTS • CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS • SYNOVIAL JOINTS FIBROUS JOINTS- -BONES CONNECTED BY FIBROUS TISSUE -no joint cavity • Sutures • Syndesmoses • Gomphoses
CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS- • THE BONES ARE UNITED BY CARTILAGE • THERE IS NO JOINT CAVITY • Synchondrosis( hyaline cartilage unites the bones) • Symphyses( fibrocartilage unites the bones) SYNOVIAL JOINTS- -MOST MOVABLE JOINTS IN THE BODY -THERE IS A JOINT CAVITY.( SYNOVIAL CAVITY, SYNOVIAL FLUID) -ARTICULAR CARTILAGE( COVERS THE ENDS OF THE OPPOSING BONES) -ARTICULAR CAPSULE( IT ENCLSES THE JOINT CAVITY.2 LAYERED) -REINFORCING LIGAMENTS -BURSAE -MOVEMENT VS STABILITY