Post-Independence Political and Economic Goals and Challenges: Pakistan

1. Post-Independence Political and Economic Goals and Challenges: Pakistan

3. Pakistan • Punjab • Afghania (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) • Kashmir • I • Sindh • TAN Baluchistan

4. The same indicators of underdevelopment we had discussed as present in India at the time of Independence were in Pakistan, and more. In addition: • How to create a national political identity when there were so many different political viewpoints and disparate ethnic groupings? • Was religion enough to hold the country together?

5. Important Acts at the Outset • October 1947: Armed Pakistanis invaded Indian Kashmir • September 1948: Death of Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah • March 1949: the Objectives Resolution • 1956: Sikander Mirza: First Constitution, the Republic of Pakistan • 1958-68: ‘Golden Age of Development’ and Ayub Khan

6. 1962: Second Constitution: the Islamic Republic of Pakistan 1965: War with India over Kashmir 1971: East Pakistan seceded; became Bangladesh. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto becomes head of Pakistan August 14, 1973: Pakistan inaugurated its third (still prevailing) constitution

7. July 5, 1977: Zia ul-Haq overthrew Bhutto • February 2, 1979: Zia promulgated his Islamization program  • Democratic Interregnum, 1988-1999 (Benazir Bhutto/Nawaz Sharif) • October 12, 1999: Pervez Musharraf overthrew Nawaz Sharif

8. November 2007: Musharraf’s 2nd coup – on himself • December 26, 2007: Benazir Bhutto assassinated • February 2008: National elections (PPP gov’t) • May 2013: National elections (PML-N gov’t) • July 2018: last national elections (PTI gov’t)

9. Political Economy & Identity Politics • December 2007: creation of the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) • April 2009: height of TNSM uprising in Swat • 16 December 2014: attack on Army Public School, Peshawar • 2010 onwards: escalation of ethnic conflicts in Karachi (Sindhis, muhajirs, and Pakhtuns) • Baluchistan “insurgencies”

10. The issue of FATA