Education and HIV/AIDS

1. Education and HIV/AIDS “Global success in combating HIV/AIDS must be measured by its impact on our children and young people. Are they getting the information they need to protect themselves from HIV? Are girls being empowered to take charge of their sexuality? Are infants safe from the disease, and are children orphaned by AIDS being raised in loving, supportive environments? These are the hard questions we need to be asking. These are the yardsticks for measuring our leaders. We cannot let another generation be devastated by AIDS.” - Carol Bellamy, UNICEF Executive Director

2. 11.8 million Young People (15-24) Living with HIV/AIDS 7.3 million young women - 4.5 million young men Central and Eastern Europe 430,000 35% 65% 33% 67% East Asia & Pacific 740,000 Middle East & North Africa 160,000 41% Industrialized Countries 240,000 59% 49% 51% Latin America & Caribbean 560,000 38% 31% 62% 69% South Asia 1.1 million 38% 62% Sub-Saharan Africa 8.6 million Source: UNAIDS/UNICEF, 2000

3. Number of Young People age 15-24 years old, 2005 estimate Europe 100 million North America 50 million Asia 700 million Caribbean & Latin America 100 million Africa 180 million Oceania 5 million Total: 1.2 billion Young People that need to be reached with LIFE SKILLS

4. 99 99 99 % 100 97 95 95 94 93 91 90 88 85 85 84 77 75 73 69 67 67 Heard of AIDS 59 58 57 56 54 54 Know the 3 main ways of protection 50 46 41 41 41 38 38 33 30 29 27 26 24 24 23 25 22 20 19 16 15 14 11 9 9 5 1 0 U. R. Tanzania Niger Chad Cuba Kenya Bolivia Gambia Ukraine Somalia Senegal Comoros Vietnam Moldova Cameroon Botswana Madagascar Azerbaijan Uzbekistan Sierra Leone Guinea Bissau Guinea Bissau Côte d'Ivoire Yugoslavia (FR) Dominican Republic Bosnia and Herzegovina Most Adolescents Know Little about HIV Prevention % of young women (15-19) who have heard of AIDS and % who know the three primary ways of avoiding infection* *three primary ways (ABC): Abstinence; Be faithful; Consistent condom use Source: UNICEF/MICS, DHS 1999-2001

5. Most Adolescents have Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS % of young women (aged 15-19) who have at least one major misconception about HIV/AIDS or have never heard of AIDS Misconceptions (%) East Asia & the Pacific Middle East & North Africa Latin America & Caribbean Eastern & Southern Africa West & Central Africa CEE/CIS and Baltic States Source: UNICEF/MICS, Measure DHS, 1999-2001. Misconceptions: HIV can be transmitted through witchcraft; mosquito bites; or believe a healthy-looking person cannot have AIDS virus.

6. Adolescents in Latin America & the Caribbean“Regarding AIDS, I feel… Very informed = 4 Moderately informed = 3 Not very informed = 2 Not at all informed = 1 Voices of children and adolescents in Latin America and the Caribbean. Regional Survey. UNICEF, 2000.

7. Few Have Sufficient Knowledge to Protect Themselves % of young women (aged 15–24) who have heard of AIDS and have sufficient knowledge to protect themselves 93 97 13 4 97 3 84 94 72 70 91 93 94 90 59 99 14 90 33 37 15 43 5 5 16 27 16 4 26 16 96 2 23 59 81 17 5 18 Have heard of AIDS Have sufficient knowledge to protect themselves Source: UNICEF/MICS & Measure DHS, 1999-2001

8. Know Don’t Know Never in school 83% 91% Still in school 32% 26% No longer in school 45% 52% Education Makes a Difference% of youth (aged 15-19) in Cameroon who know that a healthy looking person can have HIV, 1998 • Young people cannot protect themselves if they do not know the facts about HIV/AIDS. Adolescents must learn the facts before they become sexually active, and the information needs to be regularly reinforced through schools, communities and the media. • It is necessary to maintain continued HIV/AIDS education in order to reach each new cohort of adolescents and to build upon the existing knowledge of all young people. Boys Girls Source: DHS, 1998.

9. Condom Use & Educational Attainment % of unmarried adolescents (aged 15-19) in Côte d’Ivoire reporting condom use during sexual intercourse by educational status, 1998 100 80 60 Boys Percentage using condoms during last sexual intercourse 45 Girls 40 40 28 26 20 19 20 0 No education Primary Education Secondary and higher education Source: Enquete de surveillance de comportements relatifs aux MST/SIDA en Côte d'Ivoire. BSS, 1998. ENSEA,FHI/IMPACT, IRESCO.

10. 100% 87% 80% 80% 65% 65% 65% 60% 56% 55% 52% 52% 48% 45% 40% 38% 20% 0% Malawi Gabon Haiti Cambodia No education Primary school Secondary+ Teaching Children about HIV/AIDS Prevention % of women (age 15-49) who have heard of AIDS and who think that children age 12-14 should be taught how to use condoms to avoid AIDS, by educational status, selected countries 2000

11. Knowledge of HIV Testing Facilities Increases with Education % of young women who know where to get an HIV test by education level Suriname, 2000 Know test place (%) N=1675 Source: Surinam-MICS/UNICEF, 2000

12. Adult Knowledge of HIV Testing Facilities Increases with Educational Attainment Know test place (%) Source: Malawi 2000 DHS, Tanzania 1999 DHS.

13. Countries Need HIV/AIDS Training for Secondary School Health Personnel CHINA, 2000. N=573 99% Knowledge of AIDS Willing to conduct AIDS prevention 89% education Willing/No objection to provide direct 86% services/help for HIV-positive students 31% Not sure if AID is curable 41% Transmitted through Mosquitoes 19% Transmitted through Toilets 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Source: AIDS Prevention Knowledge, Attitudes and Education Practice of Secondary School Health Personnel in China. Jinqi Chen; Decai Zhao; Michael P. Dunne. December 2000. 6th International Congress on AIDS in Asia and the Pacific, 5-10 October 2001, Melbourne, Australia. Abstract Book, page 29.

14. 20% 46% 8% 53% Lesotho, Boys & Girls Guinea Bissau, Boys & Girls Primary school Secondary school 72% 10% Out-of-school 1% Non-standard education 24% 37% Senegal, Boys Senegal, Girls 50% 65% 8% 3% 9% 4% Cameroon, Urban Boys & Girls Cameroon, Rural Boys & Girls 16% 23% 36% 15% 62% 48% Reach All Adolescents with AIDS Education % of 14 year olds in primary school, secondary school or out of school, 2000 In many sub-Saharan African countries, adolescents become sexually active by age 15. HIV/AIDS education, therefore, must reach all young people before they become sexually active because it is easier to instil safer sex practices early than to change established risky behaviour. Interventions must account for differences between young people living in rural and urban areas, in school and out of school, younger and older adolescents, boys and girls. Source: UNICEF, MICS, 2000

15. School is a Protective Factor % of girls who were not yet sexually active at various ages, by schooling status, Kenya 1993 and 1998 In school Out of school Source: DHS

16. Young adolescence Urban areas % out-of-school % in secondary school % in primary school Age Rural areas % out-of-school % in secondary school % in primary school Age N=8,950 Official primary school age 10-14 year olds Prevention programmes must target all adolescents, including those out-of-school Where are they? % out-of-school % in secondary school % in primary school % in pre-school Young adolescence Source: Cameroon-MICS/UNICEF, 2000

17. Impact of Parents’ Death on Schooling % of youth (aged 10-14) in school according to whether their parents are alive Selected countries, 1994-1998 100 living with one or both parents both parents dead 90 80 70 60 Proportion of children in school (%) 50 40 30 20 10 0 Benin Peru Mali Togo Haiti Bolivia Chad Niger Tanzania Cameroon Guatemala Côte d'Ivoire Source: Demographic and Health Surveys, Macro International, USA, and UNICEF, 2000

18. Impact of HIV/AIDS on Teachers Number of deaths of teachers between 1995 and 1999, Kenya and Zambia 1600 Kenya Zambia 1400 1200 1000 Number of deaths 800 600 400 200 0 1995 1999 1996 1998 Source: Adapted from World Bank, Education and HIV/AIDS: A Window of Hope, 2002

19. Children are Adversely Affected by the Loss of Teachers to AIDS

20. Education is a Major Component of the 10 Step Strategy to Prevent HIV/AIDS 1.End the silence, stigma and shame. 2. Provide young people with knowledge and information. 3. Equip young people with life skills to put knowledge into practice. 4. Provide youth-friendly health services. 5. Promote voluntary and confidential HIV counselling and testing. 6. Work with young people, promote their participation. 7. Engage young people who are living with HIV/AIDS. 8. Create safe and supportive environments. 9. Reach out to young people most at risk. 10. Strengthen partnerships, monitor progress. Young people and HIV/AIDS, Opportunity in Crisis. UNICEF, UNAIDS, WHO, 2002. Part of an AIDS education and awareness project, girls sit on the floor around a large poster, drawing lines to connect groups at risk of contracting HIV/AIDS, at the Pang Lao School, in the northern city of Chiang Rai. Thailand.