Tell me about the Spanish-American War….

1. Tell me about the Spanish-American War….

2. Awake United States! Eagle soar on high, and sound the battle cry! How proudly sailed the warship Maine, a Nation’s pride, without a stain! A wreck she lies, her sailors slain. By two-faced butchers, paid by Spain! Eagle soar on high, And sound the battle cry Wave the starry flag! In mud it shall not drag!

3. Background on Cuba • Cuba was colonized by Spain - think 1492 • By 19th century, only Cuba and PR still Spanish colonies • 1868-1878 Cuban insurrection – Cuban rebels fight for independence • February 24, 1895 another insurrection led by Jose Marti • 1896 – General Weyler (Spanish) Reconcentration & military rule

4. What does the USA have to do with this? • U.S. had business interests in Cuba-$50 million • mining & sugar • to “protect” American business interests & Cuban property • Hit and run guerilla attacks on state property during fighting (hurt economy) • US sympathetic with rebels • Rebels placed in jail, some Americans • News papers run stories about rebels (NYJ) - "Death of Rodríguez“ – firing squad • Remember the penny press??? • Yellow Journalism - Sensationalist news… (more on that later)

5. Here Comes President McKinley • McKinley takes office 1897: • “independent Cuba, annex Hawaii, Panama Canal” • What does this tell us?? • Jan 25, 1898 USS Maine goes to Havana • So, why did we send an American battle ship to Cuba????

6. "Worst Insult to the United States in its History." • De Lome letter (published Feb 9, 1898) • Written by DeLome, Spanish Ambassador to the US (sent to Foreign Minister of Spain • Intercepted by rebels and published by Hearst Press, NY Journal • "weak and catering to the rabble and, besides, a low politician who desires to leave a door open to himself and to stand well with the jingos of his party."

7. And then…. • Feb 15, 1898 Maine explodes lose 260 men

8. What happened??? • What will happen next???

9. New York Journal DESTRUCTION OF THE WAR SHIP MAINE WAS THE WORK OF AN ENEMY Assistant Secretary Roosevelt Convinced the Explosion of the War Ship Was Not an Accident. The Journal Offers $50,000 Reward for the Conviction of the Criminals Who Sent 258 American Sailors to Their Death. Naval Officers Unanimous That the Ship Was Destroyed on Purpose.

10. New York Times MAINE’S HULL WILL DECIDE Divers to Find Whether the Force of the Explosion Was from the Exterior or Interior. SHE WAS AFLOAT FOR AN HOUR Spontaneous Combustion in Coal Bunkers a Frequent Peril to the Magazines of Warships – Hard to Blow Up the Magazine. NAVAL OFFICERS THINK THE MAINE WAS DESTROYED BY A SPANISH MINE.

11. Making Sense of the Maine • Do you know what happened to the Maine? • What evidence do you have for your answer? Give an example where the reporter uses solid evidence to support a claim made in the article. • What effect might the Journal article have had on its readers? • What effect might the Times article have had on its readers? • Which article would people be more likely to remember and believe? • How significant do you think the Maine explosion was to the American people at this time? Why?

12. Awake United States! This song was rushed into print between the sinking of the Maine (an American ship) on February 16, 1898 and thedeclaration of war on April 25, 1898. Eagle soar on high, and sound the battle cry! How proudly sailed the warship Maine, a Nation’s pride, without a stain! A wreck she lies, her sailors slain. By two-faced butchers, paid by Spain! Eagle soar on high, And sound the battle cry Wave the starry flag! In mud it shall not drag! Who sunk the Maine? What does this song reveal about American attitudes?

13. The first “media” war • Yellow journalism • Sensationalized, exaggerated and sometimes even manufactured (made up) stories • New York Journal & New York World • http://www.authentichistory.com/1898-1913/4-imperialism/2-saw/1-prelude/18980000_Uncle_Sam_Tell_Us_Why_Are_You_Waiting-George_J_Gaskin.html

14. Why do these articles matter?

15. A month after the Maine Explosion, the US government passes the: Teller Amendment: • Cuba independent • US demands a complete withdraw of Spanish troops from Cuba • US called for unconditional compliance from Spain by April 23 • Denies any desire by USA to keep Cuba • April 22nd McKinley blockades Cuba’s coastline • If you were Spain what would you do?

16. Spain Declares War on April 25, 1898 • Would you have declared war on the USA too?

17. The Spanish-American War Begins…. Any predictions? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=urtm4GpjFu4

19. USA Not Prepared for War • Decreased army after Civil War - 26,000 regulars • Mobilization Act • US afraid attack on Florida & West Coast

20. The War Begins, but not in Cuba! • May 1 - take Philippines within 6 hours • Commodore Dewey takes Manila Bay (water) without losing a man! • Emilio Aguinaldo returns and leads land victory • Filipino freedom fighter • Declares independent Philippines on June 12 • In August, American army captures Manila • Foresee any problems here??? • Commodore Dewey captures Manila Bay without losing a man

21. The Pacific War Continues… • Early June take Guam & the Spanish do not realize! • Captain Henry Glass on his way to Manila stops in Guam • June 20 – handed over by Spanish Governor • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n4h8kqRE29s

22. Moving to the Caribbean • Fighting begins in Cuba June 20, 1898 • 17,000 American troops to Santiago • July 1 - 8,000 storm - Kettle Hill then San Juan Hill – Santiago falls • Rough Riders, led by Teddy • Cowboys, Indians, Wild West types, Ivy League athletes and sportsmen • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FhkCWpbZyJU • Buffalo Soldiers (9th/10th cavalries)

24. Lt. Colonel Theodore Roosevelt • "We disembarked with our rifles, our ammunition belts, and not much else," he remembered. "I carried some food in my pocket, and a light coat which was my sole camp equipment for the next three days.“

25. It is just about over… • July 3 - Destroy Spanish Fleet – Santiago Bay • Spanish flee Cuba • July 25 , Gen’l Nelson Miles to Puerto Rico • 3,300 soldiers

26. The “Splendid Little War” Comes to An End • Aug 12, 1898 cease fire • A four month war! • 274,000 served – under 2,456 died • 385 killed in action, rest died of disease & food poisoning!

27. “War should never be entered upon until every agency of peace has failed” • Guess who said this? • Do you agree? • Did we wait until “every agency” was exhausted before entering into the Spanish-American War?

28. Treaty of Paris • Independence to Cuba • Teller Amendment forced our hand! • Puerto Rico • Guam • Philippines purchased for $20 million

29. "Our Terms," Judge, 1898, by Eugene Zimmerman • Explain the title • What is the author’s message? Give 3 specific citations from the text and images

30. What happens to these territories? • Cuba • Platt Amendment1903: naval bases, intervene, limit foreign interaction • Puerto Rico • Foraker Act 1900: civil gov’t and free trade; still US appointed positions • Jones Act 1917 : restricted citizenship • 48’ vote for own governor • Philippines • 1899-1903 – war then government like PR • 1946 - independent

31. Was it a “splendid little war”?

32. Anti-Imperialists Emerge • June 15, 1898: Anti-Imperialist League • Specific focus annexation Philippines • Why? • Economic, racial, moral and legal reasons • Notable members: • Andrew Carnegie • Mark Twain • Samuel Gompers

33. What is the message? • I thought it would be a great thing to give a whole lot of freedom to Filipinos, but I guess now that it’s better to let them give it to themselves. • Anti-imperialist Mark Twain

34. I thought it would be a great thing to give a whole lot of freedom to Filipinos, but I guess now that it’s better to let them give it to themselves. • Anti-imperialist Mark Twain

35. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7xKCH86n2aY&feature=relmfu • Reenactment rough riders – west orange!