1 / 51

Chapter 12 Personality

Chapter 12 Personality. Video. http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-6908578833040876327&ei=p9xdS_ORIqTyqAO-vvGuCA&q=personality&hl=en#. Defining Some Terms.

sandra_john
Download Presentation

Chapter 12 Personality

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Chapter 12 Personality

  2. Video • http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-6908578833040876327&ei=p9xdS_ORIqTyqAO-vvGuCA&q=personality&hl=en#

  3. Defining Some Terms • Personality: A person’s unique long-term pattern of thinking, emotion, and behavior; the consistency of who you are, have been, and will become • Character: Personal characteristics that have been judged or evaluated; desirable or undesirable qualities • Temperament: Hereditary aspects of personality, including sensitivity, moods, irritability, and distractibility

  4. p. 389

  5. Some More Terms • Personality traits: Stable qualities that a person shows in most situations • Behavioral genetics: Study of inherited behavioral traits • Personality type: People who have several traits in common • What are the limitations of placing people in personality categories?

  6. Personality and the Self • Self-concept: Your ideas, perceptions, and feelings about who you are • Self-esteem: self-evaluation of one’s worth as a person (as either high or low) • How does self-esteem varies across cultures?

  7. Judging the personalities of others: Halo Effect Tendency to generalize a favorable or unfavorable first impression to unrelated details of personality (make a good first impression)

  8. Personality Theories: An Overview • Personality theory: System of concepts, assumptions, ideas, and principles proposed to explain personality • Includes four perspectives: • Trait Theories • Psychodynamic Theories • Behavioristic and Social Learning Theories • Humanistic Theories

  9. Trait Theories • Attempt to learn what traits make up personality and how they relate to actual behavior • Remember: Personality traits are the stable qualities that a person shows in most situations

  10. Psychodynamic Theories • Focus on the inner workings of personality, especially internal conflicts and struggles

  11. Behavioristic and Social Learning Theories • Focus on external environment and on effects of conditioning and learning • Attribute difference in personality to socialization, expectations, and mental processes

  12. Humanistic Theories • Focus on private, subjective experience and personal growth

  13. Gordon Allport and Traits • Common traits: Characteristics shared by most members of a culture • Examine which traits different cultures emphasize • Individual traits: Define a person’s unique personal qualities • Cardinal traits: So basic that all of a person’s activities can be traced back to the trait • Compassion and Mother Teresa

  14. More on Traits • Central traits: Core qualities of a personality • Secondary traits: inconsistent or relatively superficial • Surface traits: observable traits to one’s personality

  15. The “Big Five” Personality Factors:Traits that relate to temperament • Extroversion • Agreeableness • Conscientiousness • Neuroticism • Openness to experience

  16. Traits and Situations • Trait-situation interactions: When external circumstances influence the expression of personality traits

  17. Some Key Freudian Terms • Psyche:Freud’s term for the personality; contains id, ego, and superego

  18. Fig. 12-5, p. 400

  19. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory: The Id • Innate biological instincts and urges; self-serving, irrational, and totally unconscious • Works via pleasure principle: Wishes to have its desires (pleasurable) satisfied NOW, without waiting and regardless of the consequences

  20. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory: The Ego • Executive; directs id energies • Partially conscious and partially unconscious • Works via reality principle: Delays action until it is practical and/or appropriate

  21. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory: The Superego • Judge or censor for thoughts and actions of the ego • Superego comes from our parents or caregivers; guilt comes from the superego • Two parts • Conscience: Reflects actions for which a person has been punished • Ego ideal: Reflects behavior one’s parents approved of or rewarded

  22. Freud: Levels of Awareness • Unconscious: Holds repressed memories and emotions and the id’s instinctual drives • Conscious: Everything you are aware of at a given moment including thoughts, perceptions, feelings, and memories • Preconscious: Material that can easily be brought into awareness

  23. Freudian Personality Development • Develops in psychosexual stages; everyone goes through same stages in same order • Majority of personality is formed before age 6 • Erogenous zone: Area on body capable of producing pleasure • Fixation: Unresolved conflict or emotional hang-up caused by overindulgence or frustration

  24. Freudian Personality Development: Oral Stage • Ages 0–1. Most of infants’ pleasure comes from stimulation of the mouth. If a child is overfed or frustrated, oral traits will develop

  25. Freudian Personality Development: Anal Stage • Ages 1–3. Attention turns to process of elimination. Child can gain approval or express aggression by letting go or holding on. Ego develops.

  26. Freudian Personality Development: Phallic Stage • Ages 3–6. Child now notices and is physically attracted to opposite sex parent

  27. Freudian Personality Development: Latency and Genital Stages • Latency: Age 6–puberty. Psychosexual development is dormant. Same-sex friendships and play occur here • Genital stage: Puberty and later. Realization of full adult sexuality occurs here; sexual urges re-awaken

  28. Neo-Freudians • Accepted broad aspects of Freud’s theory but revised parts of it

  29. Carl Jung • Persona: Mask or public self presented to others • Personal unconscious: Individual’s own experiences are stored in here • The contents are unique to each individual • Collective unconscious: Unconscious ideas and images shared by all humans • Archetypes: Universal idea, image, or pattern found in the collective unconscious

  30. Carl Jung • Introversion • Extroversion

  31. Carl Jung (cont) • Anima: Archetype representing female principle • Animus: Archetype representing male principle • Self archetype: Represents unity, completion, and balance • Mandala: Circular design representing balance, unity, and completion • Symbolized in every culture

  32. p. 403

  33. Learning Theories and Some Key Terms • Behavioral personality theory: Model of personality that emphasizes learning and observable behavior • Learning theorist: Believes that learning shapes our behavior and explains personality • Situational determinants: External causes of our behaviors

  34. p. 405

  35. Social Learning Theory • An explanation of personality that combines learning principles, cognition, and the effects of social relationships • Psychological situation: How the person interprets or defines the situation • Expectancy: Anticipation that making a response will lead to reinforcement • Reinforcement value: Subjective value attached to a particular activity or reinforcer

  36. Some More Key Terms • Self-efficacy (Bandura): Belief in your capacity to produce a desired result • Social reinforcement: Praise, attention, approval, and/or affection from others

  37. Humanism • Approach that focuses on human experience, problems, potentials, and ideals • Human nature: Traits, qualities, potentials, and behavior patterns most characteristic of humans • Free choice: Ability to choose that is NOT controlled by genetics, learning, or unconscious forces

  38. Subjective Experience • Private perceptions of reality

  39. Abraham Maslow • Self-actualization: Process of fully developing personal potentials • Peak experiences: Temporary moments of self-actualization • Think about these times in our lives. Let’s discuss.

  40. Characteristics of Self-Actualizers • Efficient perceptions of reality • Comfortable acceptance of self, others, and nature • Spontaneity • Task centering • Autonomy

  41. Characteristics of Self-Actualizers (cont) • Continued freshness of appreciation • Fellowship with humanity • Profound interpersonal relationships • Comfort with solitude • Non-hostile sense of humor • Peak experiences

  42. How to Become Self-Actualized (Maslow, 1971) • Be willing to change • Take responsibility • Examine your motives • Experience honestly and directly

  43. How to Become Self-Actualized (Maslow, 1971) (cont) • Make use of positive experiences • Be prepared to be different • Get involved • Assess your progress

  44. Carl Rogers’ Self Theory • Fully functioning person: Lives in harmony with his/her deepest feelings and impulses • Self: Flexible and changing perception of one’s identity • Self-image: Total subjective perception of your body and personality • Incongruence: Exists when there is a discrepancy between one’s experiences and self-image • Ideal self: Idealized image of oneself (the person one would like to be)

  45. Fig. 12-6, p. 411

  46. More Rogerian Concepts • Possible self: Collection of thoughts, beliefs, feelings, and images concerning the person one could become • Conditions of worth: Internal standards of evaluation • Positive self-regard: Thinking of oneself as a good, lovable, worthwhile person

  47. Even More Rogerian Concepts! • Organismic valuing: Natural, undistorted, full-body reaction to an experience • Unconditional positive regard: Unshakable love and approval

  48. Table 12-3, p. 414

  49. Fig. 12-9, p. 418

  50. Fig. 12-10, p. 419

More Related