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Chapter Five

Distinction Between Gender

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Chapter Five

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    1. Chapter Five Gender Issues

    2. Distinction Between Gender & Sex Gender – refers to behavioral, psychological, and social characteristics of men and women Sex – refers to an act or the biological aspects of being male or female Gender Identity - subjective sense of being male or female Gender (Sex) Role - cultural norms for male and female behavior

    3. Prenatal Development: X and Y Make the Difference Humans reproduce sexually and are made to be sexual beings Each parent supplies a gamete, each with half of the genetic information (23 chromosomes), including a sex chromosome Male: sperm (X or Y) Female: egg/ovum (X) Sex is determined at conception

    4. Sexual Differentiation in the Womb Gestation: 9 months 4-6 weeks: gonads begin to develop and sexual differentiation starts 1-2 weeks later Sex chromosomes control development of: internal sex organs external sex organs the embryo’s hormonal environment the brain’s sexual differentiation

    5. Typical Prenatal Differentiation Caption: Gender Identity as a Biological Process: Typical Prenatal Differentiation Caption: Gender Identity as a Biological Process: Typical Prenatal Differentiation

    6. Typical Prenatal Differentiation Gonadal sex Ovaries and testes Hormonal sex Estrogens and androgens Genital sex Internal and external organs

    7. Typical Prenatal Differentiation Internal structures Wolffian duct Males – Vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory duct Müllerian duct Females – Fallopian tubes, uterus, inner 1/3 vagina External structures Genital tubercle Clitoris or penis Labioscrotal swelling Labia or scrotum

    8. Prenatal Differentiation of Internal Structures Caption: Prenatal development of male and female duct systems from undifferentiated (before sixth week) to differentiated. Caption: Prenatal development of male and female duct systems from undifferentiated (before sixth week) to differentiated.

    9. Homologous Sex Organs Caption: Homologous sex organs Caption: Homologous sex organs

    10. Sex Differentiation Of The Brain Hypothalamus Differentiates in pregnancy Directs production of sex hormones May influence sex differences and sexual functioning Cerebral hemispheres Corpus callosum

    11. Girls’ Brain Development By adolescence, a girl’s corpus callosum is 25 percent larger than a boy’s, so the girl has more “cross talk” between hemispheres and can multi task better Girls have fewer attention span problems and can make faster transitions between lessons. Stronger neural connectors create better listening skills, more detailed memory storage, and better discrimination among the tones of voice. A girl’s stronger neural connectors and a larger hippocampus provide greater use of sensory memory details in speaking and writing. Girls’ prefrontal cortex develops earlier and is larger than boys’.

    12. Girls’ Brain Development Girls have more serotonin and make fewer impulsive decisions than boys. A girl’s brain also experiences approximately 15% more blood flow, which is located in more centers of the brain than a boy’s. With more cortical areas devoted to verbal functioning, girls are better at: sensory memory, sitting still, listening, tonality, mental cross talk, and the complexities of reading and writing, i.e. the very skills and behaviors often rewarded in schools.

    13. Boys’ Brain Development Boys have more cortical area devoted to spatial-mechanical functioning and half as much to verbal-emotive functioning. For many tasks, brain imaging studies show that women use the most advanced areas of the brain, the cerebral cortex, whereas men doing the same task use the more primitive areas, especially when related to emotions. Men emote from the amygdala. Boys have less blood flow to the brain and tend to structure or compartmentalize learning.

    14. Boys’ Brain Development Spatial-mechanical brain functioning makes boys want to move objects through the air, such as balls, airplanes, their little sisters, or just their arms and legs. Boys have less serotonin and less oxytocin (and more testosterone), which makes them more impulsive and likely to behave in a risky way. The male brain is designed to go into rest states in which it renews, recharges, and reorients itself. The more words a teacher/mom/girlfriend uses, the greater chance a boy will quit listening. Boys’ brains are better suited to symbols, abstractions, and pictures.

    15. Hormonal Development and Influences Ovaries produce: Estrogen: female sexual characteristics Progesterone: menstrual cycle and pregnancy Testes produce: Androgens: development of male-typical characteristics

    16. Atypical Prenatal Differentiation Intersexed True hermaphrodites Pseudohermaphrodites Sex chromosome disorders Over 70 sex chromosome abnormalities Turner’s syndrome XO Klinefelter’s syndrome XXY

    17. Atypical Prenatal Differentiation Disorders affecting prenatal hormonal processes Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) Fetally androgenized females DHT-deficient males

    18. Atypical Prenatal Differentiation Caption: Summary of some examples of atypical prenatal sex differentiation. Caption: Summary of some examples of atypical prenatal sex differentiation.

    19. Theoretical Explanations for Gender Differences

    20. Gender Stereotypes Gender stereotypes greatly influence our thoughts and interactions What are some stereotypes?

    21. Gender Role Expectations Women undersexed, men oversexed Men initiate, women receive Women as controllers, men as movers Men are unemotional and strong Women are nurturing and supportive

    22. Gender Stereotypes What stereotypes does this cartoon reinforce?

    23. Gender Stereotypes What stereotypes does this cartoon reinforce?

    24. Gender Stereotypes What stereotypes does this cartoon reinforce?

    25. Gender Stereotypes Gender-based stereotypes (North American) Males Independent and aggressive Females Dependent and submissive Recent trend away from rigid stereotypes Women less entrenched than men in rigid gender-role stereotypes Ethnic variation in gender roles

    26. Masculinity and Femininity Ideal cluster of traits that society attributes to each gender Changes with society, and varies from culture to culture Less gender role stereotyping in African Americans and Northern U.S.

    27. Masculinity: The Hunter Rights of passage in many societies Contradictions in the male role: Provide, but don’t solely focus on career Be sexually successful, but not degrading to women Be strong and stable, but be emotionally available Do not be dependent on a woman Men have a less flexible role than women

    28. Femininity: The Nurturer Typically viewed as the opposite of masculinity Characterized by beauty, empathy, concern, softness, modesty Contradictions in the female role: Job fulfillment, but stay at home with kids Not just for looks, but use makeup/be thin Opportunities are available, on men’s terms

    29. Gender Roles Agents of Socialization Parental expectations Peers School teachers and textbooks Television and gender-based stereotypes

    30. Gender Role Theory A variety of theorists and positions Evolutionary biology: gender differences are due to adapting to our environment Social learning: learn gender roles from society, our environment Cognitive development: universal stages for understanding and utilizing gender

    31. Gender Role Theory Gender schema: Cognitive structures organize “gender,” influenced by culture Chodorow’s developmental: Psychoanalytic background; boys separate from mom by devaluing females; girls can love mom as a heterosexual and idealize father’s qualities

    32. Androgyny Transcending Gender Roles Having characteristics of both sexes Benefits Drawbacks May show more flexibility and comfort with sexuality

    33. Transgenderism: Living as the Other Sex 10-15% of the population Live the other gender’s role, full/part-time Happy as their biological sex, but psychosocially pleasured dressing as the other sex Relaxing and peaceful to cross-dress Billy Tipton

    34. Billy Tipton was a well-known jazz musician who was discovered to be a female when he died in 1989.

    35. Transsexualism: When Gender and Biology Don’t Agree Feel their gender identity does not match their biological sex (Gender Dysphoria) “Trapped” in the wrong body More males than females experience this Sex reassignment surgery involves a long process: psychological counseling, live as the other sex, hormones, multiple surgeries M2F: realistic results, orgasm F2M: experimental stages

    36. Third Genders: Other Cultures, Other Options Some cultures have a third gender category Native American berdache Oman xanŻ ýth Indian hijra Thai kathoey Hawaiian aikane Tahitian mahu

    37. Asexualism: The Genetics but Not the Sex Born without any sexual organs (no biological gender) Has a genetic gender (XX or XY) Typically assigned gender as a child and given hormones

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