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Chapter 8-2

Chapter 8-2 . Swidden Agriculture - Page 279 Intensive Subsistence Systems Urban Subsistence Farming The Economy of Chinese Village Costs of Territorial Extension Intensification and the Green Revolution Women and Green Revolution Commercial Agriculture.

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Chapter 8-2

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  1. Chapter 8-2 Swidden Agriculture - Page 279 Intensive Subsistence Systems Urban Subsistence Farming The Economy of Chinese Village Costs of Territorial Extension Intensification and the Green Revolution Women and Green Revolution Commercial Agriculture

  2. Swidden Agriculture (279) • Low pop. density much land is needed to support few people • Shifting Cultivation is founded on the islands of Kalimantan (Borneo), New Guinea, and Sumatra in Indonesia. Now only in uplands of SE Asia in Vietnam, Thailand, Myanmar and Philippines, Nearly the whole of Central and West Africa away from the coasts, Brazil’s Amazon basin, and large portions of Central America • Boserup thesis - pop increases necessitate increased inputs of labor and technology to compensate for reductions in the natural yields of swidden farming. The pop increase forces an increased used of tech in farming, converting from extensive to intensive subsistence agriculture.

  3. Intensive Subsistence Systems • Half of the people of the world engaged in this activity • Exchange of farm commodities • Mostly in monsoon Asia. warm and moist river valleys and delta • planting rice shoots by hand in standing fresh water is a tedious art (8.10) • Cooler/ drier Asia - wheat and millet is planted. • Rice provides 25 - 80% calories to over 2.8 billion pop. • Water management is crucial to the rice production • Rice Landscape - levees, reservoirs, canals, drainage channels, and terraces to extend level land to valley slopes • Swine, ducks and chickens are main meat. Cattle used for labor and produce fertilizers.

  4. The Economy of Chinese Village • Rice planted in March and August, harvested in July and Nov. • Water buffalo, transplanting of rice seedlings from seedbed. • Two weeding by hands • Harvest - threshing • Vegetable gardening, spring/summer grows eggplants, squash and beans, green-leafed in fall to spring. Watering with the long-handled wooden dipper, additional fertilizer, usually diluted urine or a mixture of diluted urine and excreta was given every 10 days or so. • See other links http://www.341stbombgroup.org/intel/stations/yangkai_p2.htm Threshing rice

  5. Urban Subsistence Farming • Provide 1/7 of the world food production - mostly in Asia engaged in small garden plots, backyard livestock breeding and raising fish in ponds and streams. • China, Taiwan, Cuba, Kenya and many other countries residents engaged in urban subsistence farming. • In parts of the developing world, this has reduced the incidence of adult and child malnutrition in cities. Many rely on this as sole income • Advantages- convert waste from problem to resource by reducing run-off and erosion from open dumps and by avoiding costs of wastewater treatment and solid waste disposal. Examples - Sudan, Calcutta.. • Disadvantage - diseases, water pollution

  6. Cost of territorial extension • Forest land turned into farm land - soil loss followed forest destruction. • Intensification and the Green Revolution • increased production of existing crop land accounted for most of the growth of agr. production by: • increased application of fertilizer/pesticides • Green Revolution

  7. Origin of Green Revolution • Started in 1960s, Philippino research crossed a Chinese rice with Indonesian variety and produced IR8 rice with bigger head of grain and stronger stem. In 1982, they produced IR36, the most widely grown crop on Earth • IR36-mixed from 13 parents genetic resistance against 15 pests and growing cycle of 110 days which makes three crops per year possible. • Charting of genome (12 chromosomes) is ongoing, it will eventually increase the production and develop the resistance to diseases and pests • Green Revolution - 8.11 trends in food production 1961-1999. Saving an estimated one billion people from starvation. Increased calories per person, pop with adequate food in developing countries jumped from 55% to 80%.

  8. Green Revolution • Disadvantages - irrigation destroyed large tracts of land, groundwater depletion, water wars, loss of traditional/ subsistence farming, food production aiming at export, rural society destroyed, reduced variety of crops, rural pop moved to urban • Not all areas benefited from Green Revolution - reasons (belated research effort, great range of growing conditions) • Fig 8.12 - genetic diversity of crop varieties , fewer than 100 species provide most of the world’s food supply. • Asia - gains fell off - little prime land, less water, adverse ecol. and social consequences. Even biotech can’t help (consumers’ resistance..) • Loss of domestic food availability

  9. Women and Green Revolution • Women and the Green Revolution • Women grow at least half of the world’s food and up to 80% in Africa.. Women perform about 90% of the world in Africa. • Men leave for urban for other jobs, women workload is increasing. Women mostly do not share equally with men in the rewards from agriculture. Working longer hours and less incomes due to cultural and economical factors. • How women can benefit from the Green Revolution?

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