The Call to Arms: Divided Loyalties at the Outset of the Civil War

1. The Civil War Chapter 15 Section 1 – The Call to Arms

2. Taking Sides in the War - North • Lincoln declared that a rebellion existed • Called the nation’s governors for 75,000 troops • Men eagerly signed up • Some states wanted to send more than requested

3. Taking Sides in the War - South • Tennessee, Kentucky, Missouri – refused to send troops • Maryland and Delaware did not respond • Virginia seceded April 17th • Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina seceded in May • 50 counties in western Virginia did not support slavery and refused to secede • Admitted into the Union as West Virginia • 1863 • Free state

4. Border States • Border states – slave states that did not secede • Kentucky – important control of Ohio River • Declared itself - neutral • Generals wanted to occupy KY • Lincoln refused, fearing occupation would tip it to secede • September 1861 – South invaded KY – joined the Union • Missouri – sided with the Confederacy • Lincoln sent troops – set up own state government • Stayed with the Union throughout the war • Maryland • Washington,DC-would be surrounded if part of Confederacy • Southern sympathizers destroyed railroads/telegraph lines • Lincoln declared martial law (military is in charge, citizens’ rights are suspended) • Officials suspected of disloyalty were jailed without trials

5. North against south • Southern Advantages • Military Advantage that the North would have to invade the South • Confederates would be fighting on own territory • Most of the experienced military officers were Southerners • Robert E. Lee, Joseph E. Johnston, Albert S.Johnston – all resigned from the US Army to fight for South

6. North against south • Northern Advantage • 1861 – US had 130,000 factories – 110,000 – North • Twice the railroad track • Twice the farmland • Two-Thirds population in North • One-third of the South’s population – slaves • North had more resources to field, feed, and equip larger armies

7. Strategies of the North • Union leaders hoped for a quick victory • Lincoln ordered naval blockade of seaports • Cut off supplies of manufactured goods • Prevent overseas sale of cotton • Gain control of Mississippi River • South’s major transportation link • Split the South in half • Invade Virginia • Confederate Capital - Richmond – only 100 miles from Washington, DC

8. Strategies of south • No need to invade the North • Defend their land until North tired of fighting • Hoped to get support from Britain/Europe • Hoped Britain’s need of cotton would force them to support South

9. Americans against americans • Families had members fight for both sides • Mary Lincoln’s four brothers fought for South • 1 million Southern white males • ¾ fought (age 18-45) • 3.5 million Northern white males • 2/3 fought (age 18-45) • ½ Northern troops – farmers • ¼ - Northern troops – immigrants • Some as young as 14

10. A Soldier’s life • Beginning – 10 hours a day – training • Stayed in camp • Fresh, clean water – hard to maintain • Food – hardtack - dry cracker – carried in pack • Wet weather – life miserable • Lucky had tents – most slept outside • Disease hard to control – typhoid fever, smallpox

11. Prisoners of war • Both sides – prison camps • 10% deaths occurred in prison camps • Elmira, New York – worst in North • Andersonville, Georgia – worst in South • Inhumane conditions • Little food • Death by starvation/exposure • Overcrowded

12. First battle of bull run • Union General Irvin McDowell • Wanted time to train troops • Newspapers demanded capture of Richmond • 30,000 troops marched south into Virginia • Sightseers came in wagons/have picnic/watch • Confederates waited at Manassas, VA • Railroad center • Bull Run – river just north of Manassas • July 21, 1861

13. First Battle of Bull Run • At first – Union Army pushed forward • Confederate general Thomas Jackson rallied his men to hold firm • Union troops panicked and ran • Sightseerers panicked and fled home, too • Confederates soldiers – too exhausted to pursue • South claimed victory • North was embarrassed

14. Start of the War • North hopes for a quick victory ended at Bull Run • War would be long • Lincoln needed to find a commander of Union troops

15. The Civil War Section 2 Early Years of the War

16. New technology • Weapons were more advanced than strategy • New guns could shoot more accurately, from longer distances • Generals were slow to change tactics and allowed men to charge right into bombardments • Artillery was advanced and attacking armies would bombard long before sending ground troops to battle

17. Naval technology • Invention of Ironclads • Warships covered with protective iron plates • Cannon fire bounced off the armor • Classic battle of the Monitor and Merrimack • Fought to a draw in March 1862 • Confederates used ironclads to beat naval blockade • Used smaller gunboats up and down the Mississippi River

18. The war in the east • After the defeat at Bull Run, Lincoln replacedMcDowell with General George McClellan • Good organizer but very cautious • For 7 months he trained his army but did not attack • March 1862 – finally moved • By boat took 100,000 along Chesapeake Bay to a peninsula southeast of Richmond • Advanced toward Richmond against 15,000 Confederate troops • Stopped and requested more troops – a waited month • South reinforced in the mean time • May 31, 1862 – Confederate forces stopped advance • McClellan retreated

19. Ulysses S. Grant • Graduated from West Point bottom of class • Unsuccessful in the US Army – quit to work in Dad’s store • Given a field command under General Halleck who Lincoln appointed as Commander in the West • Desperate for victories, Lincoln was aware that Grant gained small successes in KY and Tenn. • Different from McClellan • McClellan wore fitted uniforms, arrogant, vain • Grant took chances, wore rumpled clothes, ate and drank with his men, smoked cigars, lived simply in the field

20. The war in the east • With Richmond safe, Lee decided to invade the North hoping for a victory to turn public opinion and get British support • Lee slipped into western Maryland • McClellan found Lee’s plan-learned that the Confederate army had split in two parts • McClellan attacked Lee at Antietam Creek near Sharpsburg , MD on September 17, 1862 • Union army attacked over and over - lost 12,000 • Lee lost 14,000 – almost 1/3 of army • Lee retreated into Virginia • McClellan did not pursue • No clear winner but because Lee retreated, North claimed victory

21. The war in the west • Grant made advances in the west taking control of the Mississippi River north of Memphis, Tenn. • Captured Fort Henry on the Tennessee River and Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River • Two water routes into the western Confederacy were wide open. • Grant gained reinforcements and moved south toward Corinth, Mississippi – important RR center • Albert Sidney Johnston stood in his way • Meet at a church called Shiloh • April 6, 1862

22. Shiloh • Grant/Sherman camped with troops on west side of the Tennessee River • Waiting a month for General Buell to join them from Ohio – plan to join a plunge south to Corinth • Johnston planned to attack before Buell arrived • Beauregard (2nd in command) objected- drew up a plan • 9:30 am Confederates opened fire, charged into Union camps • 8 out of 10 men had not seen any action • Intense fighting in the Peach Orchard and Hornet’s Nest • Johnston himself led a charge – wounded on his leg that nicked an artery – bled to death • Command passed to Beauregard

23. shiloh • Buell’s reinforcements began to arrive • Federal gunboats shelled the Confederate camp overnight • At dawn the next day Grants 50,000 strong attacked Beauregard’s 30,000 weary troops • Beauregard retreated to Corinth • Halleck removed Grant – took a month to get the army to Corinth – by then Beauregard had fled

24. Antietam Creek – Eastern Front • Lee decides to attack in the North since he believed that Richmond was safe • Hoped a victory in the North would entice Britain or France to support the South • Slipped into Maryland – McClellan got the battle plans by sheer luck • September 17, 1862 – McClellan attacks Lee near Sharpsburg, Maryland • Bloodiest day of the war

25. Antietam • Bloodiest day of the war • Union - 12,000 casualties (killed, wounded, missing) • South – 14,000 – almost 1/3 of army • Lee was forced to retreat back to Virginia • McClellan blew a chance to chase Lee and deal the South a fatal blow • Lincoln was upset

26. Union Fleet captures New Orleans • David Farragut commanded the Union fleet • Entered the Mississippi River from the Gulf • Captured the Mississippi as far north as Vicksburg, Mississippi • Remained a Confederate stronghold • Union ships could not get through • Cannons placed on the bluffs • Needed Vicksburg to control the Mississippi

27. The Emancipation proclamation Chapter 15 Section 3

28. Lincoln’s presidency • Initially was against freeing slaves • Avoided aligning himself with abolitionists • Horace Greeley – abolitionist publisher • Lincoln wrote a letter: would not free any slaves or all slaves - if he could preserve the Union, • Abolitionists pressured Lincoln to free slaves • Lincoln worried that this would cause border states to secede • Lincoln’s goal was to restore the Union even if it meant letting slavery continue

29. Lincoln changes his mind • As the war progressed, Lincoln realized how important slavery was to the war cause in the South • Told his Cabinet that he intended to issue an Emancipation Proclamation • Cabinet told Lincoln to wait until after some Union victories • Lincoln met with the Cabinet after Antietam and indicated he planned to issue the Proclamation • Emancipate means to set free

30. Emancipation proclamation • January 1, 1863 • Freed slaves – only in areas that were fighting the Union • Had little effect – Union had no power in these states • Did not free slaves in the border states • Criticized and praised • White southerners accused Lincoln of trying to get the slaves to revolt • Union soldiers supported it

31. Effects of the proclamation • Changed the War into a War against slavery • Ended any possibility that Britain would support the South – they were against slavery • United the African Americans in support of the war • Freed few slaves

32. African Americans Help the Union • Until the Emancipation Proclamation, blacks could not serve • Encouraged blacks to enlist • Ultimately 189,000 African Americans served • More than half were runaway or former slaves • If captured, most returned to slavery or killed • Navy • Black and white sailors served together • Army • Most served in black-only regiments with white officers at less pay

33. Blacks support the war • Free blacks served in the Union army • Cooks, wagon drivers, hospital aides • Enslaved blacks in the South • Worked to hurt the Confederate effort • Provided military information to Union • Quietly resisted work • Worked slowly • Damaged equipment • Refused to work

34. Black Units of merit • 54th Massachusetts Infantry • White leadership • Attacked Fort Wagner in South Carolina • July 18, 1863 • Volunteered to lead the charge • Reached the top before being turned back • Half of the unit were casualties • Movie “Glory” made about them

35. The Civil War and American Life Chapter 15 Section 4

36. Divisions over the war • Not all Southerners supported secession • Not all Northerners supported a war to end slavery or to restore the Union

37. Division in the South • Opposition strongest in Georgia and North Carolina • Regions with large slaveholding plantations had strong support for the war • Poor backcountry regions had less support • Other divisions were political • States rights arguments • SC governor objected to officers from other states leading SC troops • Governors of NC and Georgia did not want conscription of their men

38. Division in the north • Many opposed the Emancipation Proclamation • Some believed the South has the right to secede • Northern Democrats • Known as Copperheads • Blamed Lincoln for causing the war • Criticized the war and called for peace • Strongest in Illinois, Ohio, and Indiana

39. Dealing with disruptions • Opponents of war (on both sides) • Disrupted war effort • Convinced soldiers to desert • Helped prisoners of war escape • Tried to prevent men from volunteering • Suspended right of Habeas corpus (constitutional protection against unlawful arrest) • Empowers judges to order imprisoned people to be brought into court to determine if they are being legally held • Lincoln and Davis suspended the right in some places • More than 13,000 people in the North, arrested and held without trial

40. Draft Laws • Desertion – major problem • Soldiers left units to plant and/or harvest crops • At any time half to third soldiers were AWOL • Draft Laws • South was first to pass Conscription – April 1862 • White men between 18-35 – later 17-50 • Lincoln signed a similar act in 1863 – ages 20-45

41. Exceptions to the draft laws • Southern exemptions • Men who owned 20 or more slaves • Could hire substitutes • North • Wealthy could pay the gov’t $300 in lieu of service • Complaints that it was a ‘poor man’s war’ • Violent riots in New York City • Factory workers and laborers rioted for several days • Destroyed property • Attacked African Americans and wealthy white men

42. Economic strains - North • Industries boomed • Draft took away employees – constant shortage • First income tax levied in August, 1861 • Tax on money people earn • Used to pay for the war • Printed currency (paper money) • Caused inflation – general rise in prices • Prices increased an average of 80%

43. Economic strains - south • Union blockage prevented South for raising money by selling cotton overseas • Inflation • Greater inflation than north • Shortages caused prices to rise • Shoes ($18 in 1862)($800 in 1864) • Food production fell • Union armies destroyed farmland and crops • Food shortages led to riots in some cities

44. Women in the Civil War • Took over businesses and farms • Became spies • At least 400 disguised as soldiers • Worked in factories, government jobs, teachers • Nursing • Elizabeth Blackwell (first female physician) • Trained nurses • Dorothea Dix, Harriet Tubman • Clara Barton • Angel of the Battlefield • Set up an American branch of the Red Cross

45. Decisive Battles Chapter 14 Section 5

46. Confederate victories • Fredericksburg, Virginia • Burnside vs Lee • Burnside marches 120,000 directly to Richmond • Lee met him with 75,000 • Burnside attacked with traditional charges • Burnside lost 13,000 • Chancellorsville, Virginia • Hooker vs Lee • Lee defeats Hooker with force ½ its size • Lee loses Stonewall Jackson in the battle

47. Gettysburg • Lee believed that a victory on northern soil would force the North to end the war • Crossed into Pennsylvania • North commanded by Meade • Lee’s forward army went into Gettysburg to find shoes • Instead they found Meade’s army • More troops joined both armies • Fought for 3 days with over 51,000 casualties • In the end, North had won; Lee leaves the North – never to return. Meade blows a chance to knock out Lee’s army.

48. Vicksburg • Grant began siege in May 1863 • Pemberton dug in using caves, shelters • Grant blockades starved out the residents • After six weeks, Pemberton surrendered to Grant -the last stronghold on the Mississippi • Surrendered on July 4th • Turning point of the war in favor of Union

49. Gettysburg address • Lincoln addressed about 15,000 at the dedication of the cemetery at Gettysburg • Lincoln foretold of a Union victory

50. Lincoln changed command • Lincoln appoints Grant – Commander of all Union forces • Grant appoints Sherman as the Commander in charge of the Western army • Grant takes over the Army of the Potomac • Immediately decided to attack Richmond