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Barcoding the Birds of Argentina. Saltator aurantiirostris. Saltator similis. Saltator caerulescens 1 Saltator caerulescens 2. Darío A. Lijtmaer 1 and Kevin C. R. Kerr 2 1 Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “B. Rivadavia”, Argentina 2 University of Guelph, Canada. Birds of
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Barcoding the Birds of Argentina
Saltator aurantiirostris
Saltator similis
Saltator caerulescens 1
Saltator caerulescens 2
Darío A. Lijtmaer1 and Kevin C. R. Kerr2
1Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “B. Rivadavia”, Argentina
2University of Guelph, Canada
of
Argentina
Almost 1000 species
25% of the birds of the Neotropics
About 10% of the birds of the world
of
Argentina
- Representative of the southern cone of South America:
- 100% of the birds of Uruguay
- 95% of the birds of Paraguay
- 85% of the birds of Chile
- 52% of the birds of Bolivia
- 94% of the birds of southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul)
Barcoding the Birds of Argentina
Main objective: to obtain the barcodes of all the species of birds of Argentina by the end of 2008
- Additional objectives:
- Comparison of patterns of COI variation between:
- Cold temperate and subtropical areas
- Northern and southern hemispheres
- High altitude and lowland areas
900 samples loaned to Guelph, lab training
2007
420 samples loaned to Guelph
2003
Tissue
collection
started
2004
MACN
signed the MOC
2006
Lounsbery Foundation grant
2005
project started
2006
Field trip training
Barcoding the Birds of Argentina
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Barcoding the Birds of Argentina
Collecting trips
Tissues and vouchers stored at MACN
AATCGATCCTAGTACTCGATCCTAGTACCA
Sub-samples loaned to Guelph
Barcoding the Birds of Argentina
Collecting trips
Tissues and vouchers stored at MACN
Samples processed at MACN (extraction and amplification)
AATCGATCCTAGTACTCGATCCTAGTACCA
Amplified DNA loaned to Guelph
Barcodes were obtained for 809 individuals and 316 species (1/3 of the species of Argentina)
7.93% in North America (260 species)
Preliminary results
The COI sequence was never shared between species
COI sequences were obtained for more than one individual in 233 species (74% of the species barcoded). Mean intraspecific distance was 0.28%
Mean interspecific distance between species of the same genus was 7.95% (28-fold higher than mean intraspecific distance)
In only 1 pair of species COI distances were not smaller within species than between species
Muscisaxicola flavinucha
Muscisaxicola cinerea
Intraspecific distances: 0 - 0.46%
Interspecific distances: 0.43 - 0.46%
For 99% of the species barcoded so far, an individual could be correctly identified based on its COI sequence
Preliminary results
In only 1 pair of species COI distances were not smaller within species than between species
In 99% of the species COI clusters did not overlap with those of other species
4 other cases in which interspecific distances were lower than 1%
Veniliornis frontalis and Veniliornis passerinus
Distance: 0.29%
Veniliornis passerinus
Veniliornis frontalis
4 other cases in which interspecific distances were lower than 1%
Anas puna and Anas versicolor
Distance: 0.43 - 0.72%
Anas cyanoptera 1 Anas cyanoptera 2
Anas platalea
Anas puna 1 Anas puna 2
Anas versicolor 1
Anas versicolor 2
4 other cases in which interspecific distances were lower than 1%
Anas puna and Anas versicolor
Distance: 0.43 - 0.72%
Carduelis crassirostris and Carduelis atrata
Distance: 0.43 - 0.58%
Mimus triurus and Mimus dorsalis
Distance: 0.72 - 0.87%
3 species in which intraspecific distances were higher than 2.8% (10 times mean intraspecific distance)
Troglodytes aedon
(up to 3.25%)
Cistothorus platensis
(up to 4.95%)
Leptasthenura aegithaloides
(up to 3.72%)
In conclusion, our preliminary results suggest that:
- The COI sequence can be efficiently used for identification purposes
2) At the same time, the use of the COI can be useful to flag interesting species or groups of species
3) Patterns of COI divergence appear to be similar to those obtained for North American birds
2000
1500
1000
500
0
500
400
300
200
100
0
Project
started
Project
started
DIC
2003
DIC
2004
DIC
2005
DIC
2006
DIC
2003
DIC
2004
DIC
2005
DIC
2006
Additional benefits of the project
1) Tissue Collection
Specimens
Species
The project boosted the MACN tissue collection: three times increase in specimens and about two and a half times increase in species during last year.
Additional advantages of the project
2) Skins and skeletons
All tissue samples collected have associated vouchers
3) Certification of the identity of specimens in the collection
Barcodes can be used to verify the correct identification of tissue samples, skins and skeletons
Additional advantages of the project
4) Control of legal and illegal trade of bird species
Podiceps gallardoi
- Currently: 33% of the species of Argentina barcoded
- Currently: 33% of the species of Argentina barcoded
- Mid 2007: 50% of the species barcoded
- End of 2007: 70% of the species barcoded
- Currently: 33% of the species of Argentina barcoded
- Mid 2007: 50% of the species barcoded
- End of 2007: 70% of the species barcoded
- End of 2008: 100% of the species barcoded
- Currently: 33% of the species of Argentina barcoded
- Mid 2007: 50% of the species barcoded
- End of 2007: 70% of the species barcoded
- End of 2008: 100% of the species barcoded
- Integration of our results with those of other studies undertaken in the Neotropics and in other regions of the world.
