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Remote Sensing Meteorological Satellites Applied to Earth Surface Observation

Remote Sensing Meteorological Satellites Applied to Earth Surface Observation. Meteorological Satellites (Metsats). Coarse spatial resolution, high temporal resolution NOAA, GOES, and DMSP . 1. AVHRR. Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer 1979 –

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Remote Sensing Meteorological Satellites Applied to Earth Surface Observation

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  1. Remote SensingMeteorological Satellites Applied to Earth Surface Observation

  2. Meteorological Satellites (Metsats) • Coarse spatial resolution, high temporal resolution • NOAA, GOES, and DMSP

  3. 1. AVHRR • Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer • 1979 – • Designed as weather sensors on NOAA satellites • Become increasingly popular for land oriented applications http://www.crisp.nus.edu.sg/~research/tutorial/spacebrn.htm

  4. AVHRR Orbits • Sun-synchronous • Inclination 98.9o • 833km altitude • Swath 2400km cross track

  5. June 26, 2000 covers European Russian eastward into Siberia. East Coast on September 27, 1997: http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect14/Sect14_6.html http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect14/Sect14_6.html

  6. Spectral Resolution •   - band1: 0.58-0.68microm (red)   - band2: 0.72-1.10microm (near infrared)   - band3: 3.55-3.93microm (mid infrared- thermal)   - band4: 10.30-11.3microm (thermal)*   - band5: 11.50-12.5microm (thermal)*

  7. Resolutions • 10 bits, 1024 levels of brightness • Spatial resolution - 1.1km Local Area Coverage (LAC) - 4 km global Area Coverage (GAC) • Temporal resolution: daily                  

  8. Data • Low cost • Public domain distributed by NOAA

  9. Vegetation Indices • Vegetation Index (VI):         NIR-Red • Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)         NDVI = (NIR-Red)/(NIR+Red)

  10. Spectral Reflectance Curve

  11. Vegetation Index http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect3/Sect3_4.html

  12. GOES • Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites • As part of global network of metsats 70o longitude apart around the world, domestic data available since 1975 • Geosynchronous, altitude 36,000km • GOES East 75oW, GOES-West 135oW

  13. GOES East 75oW http://www.goes.noaa.gov/ECIR4.html

  14. GOES-West 135oW http://www.goes.noaa.gov/WCIR4.html

  15. GOES .. • A full disk view • A visible (day time) 0.55-0.70microm  4 thermal band (day and night) 3.8-12.5microm • 1km spatial resolution for the visible band, and 4,8,4,4km for the four thermal bands, respectively • Data are distributed real time

  16. GOES View of South America http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect14/Sect14_7.html

  17. 3. DMSP • Defense Meteorological Satellite Program • Data were available to civilian users since 1973 http://www.crisp.nus.edu.sg/~research/tutorial/dmsp.htm

  18. 3. DMSP •  Sun-synchronous • 0.4-1.1microm (visible & NIR), 8-13microm (thermal) • A nighttime visible band, the population map,  volcanoes, oil and gas fields, and forest fires • 3km spatial resolution

  19. NIGHTFALL IN USA

  20. OUR PLANET IN THE MIDDLE OF THE UNIVERSE AT NIGHT

  21. 4. Ocean Monitoring Satellites • Nimbus-7, 1978 – 1986 • Carry Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) • Swath 1566km Thermal Visible The Gulf of Mexico http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect14/Sect14_4.html

  22. 4. NIMBUS • 825m spatial resolution • 6 bands  - visible bands: phytoplankton concentration, suspended silt  - NIR: surface vegetation, land/water boundary - thermal: sea surface temperature

  23. Color-coded temperature maps http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect14/Sect14_4.html

  24. 5. Earth Observing System (EOS) • Earth Science Enterprise (ESE) formally called Mission to Planet Earth (MTPE) NASA program •    Terra (EOS-AM), 1999    Aqua (EOS-PM), 2002

  25. Terra http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect16/Sect16_7.html

  26. Five Sensors on Board Terra • MODIS - Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro-Radiometer • ASTER - Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer • CERES - Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System • MISR - Multi-Angle Imaging Spectro-Radiometer • MOPITT - Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere

  27. MODIS http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect16/Sect16_7.html • MODIS, a highly improved successor to AVHRR • Launched in 1999   • Greater spatial resolution, 250, 500, and 1000m • 36 bands between 0.62-14.385mm • 4096 radiometric resolution • 2-day interval

  28. MODIS Bands • Bands 1-2 0.62-0.876mm, 250m, Land/clouds boundaries • Bands 3-7 0.459-2.155mm, 500m, Land/cloud properties • Bands 8-16 0.405-0.877mm, 1000m, Ocean color /phytoplankton/biogeochemistry • Bands 17-19 0.890-0.965mm, 1000m, Atmospheric water vapor

  29. MODIS Bands … • Bands 20-23 3.660-4.080mm, 1000m, Surface/cloud temperature • Bands 24-25 4.433-4.549mm, 1000m, Atmospheric temperature • Band 26 1.360-1.390mm, 1000m, Cirrus clouds • Bands 27-29 6.538-8.700mm, 1000m, Water vapor

  30. MODIS Bands … • Band 30 9.580-9.880mm, 1000m, Ozone • Bands 31-32 10.780-12.270mm, 1000m, Surface/cloud temperature • Bands 33-36 13.185-14.385mm, 1000m, Cloud top altitude

  31. A MODIS oblique view One of the important EOS joint study programs is the Indian Ocean Experiment. http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect16/Sect16_9.html

  32. MODIS Atmospheric appearance of aerosols, much being the result of pollution Water vapor, even when heavy clouds are absent or dispersed http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect16/Sect16_9.html

  33. MODIS The chlorophyll content The fluorescent properties of the ocean, which relate to plankton content. http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect16/Sect16_9.html

  34. ASTER • Collaboration between US and Japan • Consists of three instrument systems   VNIR: visible and NIR                SWIR: short wave infrared   TIR: thermal infrared • 60km swath http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect16/Sect16_7.html

  35. ASTER • VNIR: visible and NIR G,R,NIR, NIR; 15m, 8bits                • SWIR: short wave infrared 5 bands in MIR; 30m, 8bits • TIR: thermal infrared 5 bands in thermal; 90m, 12bits http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect16/Sect16_7.html

  36. ASTER Volcanoes in the Andes mountain chain of South America http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Intro/Part2_26.html

  37. Aqua http://aqua.nasa.gov/

  38. Aqua • Complement Terra observations by providing data later in the day • Launched in 2002 • Designed to obtain information of weather and ocean • 6 instruments on board including MODIS

  39. Six Sensors on Board Aqua • MODIS • CERES • AMSR/E - Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-EOS • AMSU - Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit • AIRS - Atmospheric Infrared Sounder • HSB - Humidity Sounder for Brazil

  40. Aqua Improved sea surface and brightness temperatures on June 2-4 http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect16/Sect16_10a.html

  41. Aqua Sea surface temperature in hurricane alley. This false color composite image is made using data taken by AMSR-E on board EOS, May 2002.

  42. 5. SeaWiFS • Sea-viewing Wide-Field-of-View Sensor • NASA contracted with Orbital Science Corp. launched on OrbView-2 • Designed to study ocean biogeochemistry http://www.crisp.nus.edu.sg/~research/tutorial/orbview2.htm

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