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Nervous system

Nervous system. E. Simko WCVM. Topic/Title. Subtitle. Bo Po Eq Ca Fe Cap Ov. Objectives for NS 1:. Describe basic structure, function and response to injury of CNS and PNS Define nomenclature of neuropathological terms and conditions

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Nervous system

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  1. Nervous system E. Simko WCVM

  2. Topic/Title Subtitle • Bo • Po • Eq • Ca • Fe • Cap • Ov

  3. Objectives for NS 1: • Describe basic structure, function and response to injury of CNS and PNS • Define nomenclature of neuropathological terms and conditions • Describe pathogenesis of Wallerian degeneration and axonal regeneration • Define terminolgy of CNS traumatic injury

  4. Unique features • Nomenclature • Microanatomy • Protection: Bones Meninges CSF BBB E. Simko WCVM

  5. HOWEVER Cellular reaction to injury is similar as elsewhere: Adaptation Degeneration Necrosis Apoptosis Inflammation E. Simko WCVM

  6. Anatomy CNS • Brain & meninges • Spinal cord & meninges PNS • Nerves • Neurons/Ganglions out of CNS E. Simko WCVM

  7. Anatomy Meninges • Dura mater • Aracnoid mater • Pia mater

  8. Anatomy Brain • Prosencephalon • Mesencephalon • Rhombencephalon E. Simko WCVM

  9. Anatomy Spinal cord E. Simko WCVM

  10. Anatomy Nerves E. Simko WCVM

  11. Nomenclature Nomenclature Encephalitis Meningitis Meningoencephalitis Encephalomyelitis Meningoencephalomyelitis Meningomyelitis E. Simko WCVM

  12. Nomenclature Nomenclature Malacia Encephalomalacia Polioencephalomalacia Leucoencephalomalacia Poliomyelomalacia E. Simko WCVM

  13. Microanatomy & Response to injury Microanatomy Nervous tissue consists of: Neurons Neuroglia Oligodedrocytes Astrocytes Microglia etc E. Simko WCVM

  14. Microanatomy & Response to injury Neurons Fx • Receive stimuli • Transmit stimuli Dendrites Axon Cell body E. Simko WCVM

  15. Microanatomy & Response to injury Neurons Response to injury • Central chromatolysis • Necrosis/apoptosis • Viral inclusion bodies • Aging • Storage disease • Wallerian degeneration E. Simko WCVM

  16. Microanatomy & Response to injury Oligodendrocytes (or Schwann cells in PNS) Fx Myelin Satellitosis E. Simko WCVM

  17. Microanatomy & Response to injury Oligodendrocytes (or Schwann cells in PNS) Response to injury Degeneration/Necrosis • Demyelination • Primary • Viral infection • Immune-mediated • Secondary (Wallerian degeneration) E. Simko WCVM

  18. Microanatomy & Response to injury Astrocytes Fx Metabolism BBB Repair “glial scar” Perivascular foot process Endothelium Capillary E. Simko WCVM

  19. Microanatomy & Response to injury BBB disruption [harmful metabolites] Astrocytes Response to injury Swelling, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, degeneration E. Simko WCVM

  20. Microanatomy & Response to injury Microglia Fx Phagocytes Produce cytokines E. Simko WCVM E. Simko WCVM

  21. Microanatomy & Response to injury Microglia Response to injury The first to reactant Activation Immunocompetent rod cells Proliferation Gliosis E. Simko WCVM E. Simko WCVM

  22. Microanatomy & Response to injury White matter Grey matter E. Simko WCVM

  23. Microanatomy & Response to injury Axonal injury Examples: Wobbler syndrome Intervertebral disk dz PRESSURE Wallerian degeneration Central chromatolysis E. Simko WCVM

  24. Microanatomy & Response to injury Wallerian degeneration PRESSURE Demyelination Swollen axon Distended myelin sheath Phagocytosis E. Simko WCVM

  25. Microanatomy & Response to injury Regeneration of nerves • Endoneurial tube: • Connective tissue • Basement membrane • Schwann cells • Myelin • Axon E. Simko WCVM

  26. Microanatomy & Response to injury Trauma • Concussion • Contusion • coup & contrecoup • Hemorrhage • Brain swelling E. Simko WCVM

  27. Microanatomy & Response to injury Spinal cord compression Wobbler syndrome Intervertebral disk dz Neoplasia

  28. Microanatomy & Response to injury Pattern of spinal cord degeneration Compression at C6 Ascending Descending Cranial to C6 C6 Caudal to C6 White matter degeneration Gray matter degeneration E. Simko WCVM

  29. Congenital and/or inherited disorders Cerebellar hypoplasia Hydrocephalus Hydranencephaly & Porencephaly Storage disease Degenerative diseases

  30. Cerebrospinal fluid - Ventricular system Coronal Section Subdural space Lateral Ventricle Choroid plexus Third Ventricle Cerebral aqueduct Fourth Ventricle E. Simko WCVM

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