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THE IMMUNE RESPONSES TO PARASITES

THE IMMUNE RESPONSES TO PARASITES. THE IMMUNE RESPONSES TO PARASITES. Unicellular parasites Plasmodium – malaria. Giardia lamblia - giardiasis. Life cycle of Leishmania. L. donovani – Visceral leishmaniasis (K ala azar) L. tropica – Cutaneous leishmaniasis (Oriental sore)

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THE IMMUNE RESPONSES TO PARASITES

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  1. THE IMMUNE RESPONSES TO PARASITES

  2. THE IMMUNE RESPONSES TO PARASITES Unicellular parasites Plasmodium – malaria Giardia lamblia - giardiasis

  3. Life cycle of Leishmania

  4. L. donovani – Visceral leishmaniasis (Kala azar) L. tropica – Cutaneous leishmaniasis (Oriental sore) L. brasiliensis - Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (Espundia)

  5. THE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO THE SINGLE CELL PARAZITE LEISHMANIA Dead parazites IL-12 NO, O2-,H2O2,OH- IL-2 TNF Active radicals CLEARS THE INFECTION Th1 MACROPHAGE IFNγ IL-2 IL-10 lipophosphoglycane Leishmania major CR4 CR3 IL-4 DOES NOT CLEAR THE INFECTION Th2 MACROPHAGE

  6. ESCAPE MECHANISMS OF UNICELLULAR PARASITES Poor antigenicity Variations in surface structure – gene conversion Alternating expression Trypanosoma Lysis of phagosome mebrane Complement (DAF) like structures Trypanosoma cruzi Inhibition of phagosome and lysosome fusion Toxoplasma

  7. Multicellular parasites Helminths Tape worm Diphyllobothrium latum 9 m in length, lives in small intestine B12 deficiency (magaloblastic anaemia) Trichinella spiralis „pork worm”

  8. Life cycle of Schistosoma Schistosoma mansoniDelayed Type Hypersensitivity - DTH Fibrosis around the eggs in the liver Chronic inflammation – Fibrotic connective tissue Inhibits the venous circulation of the liver

  9. Granuloma in the liver

  10. Hepatosplenomegaly

  11. THE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO MULTICELLULAR WORMS Can not be ingested by phagocytes Plasma cell IgE BLOOD Mast cell IL-3 IL-4 mediators Th2 Permeability  Eosinophil B B IgE IL-4, IL-5 Neutrophil IgG Th2 Monocyte C3a, C5a LYMPH NODE Schistosoma mansoni Activated eosinophils bind to IgE-coated parasites via the low affinity FcεRII and release their toxic contents onto the worm Other effector cells bind to IgG-coated parasites

  12. Schistosoma lárvát támadó eozinofil sejtek

  13. Mast cells

  14. Eozinophils

  15. IgE – MEDIATED CELLULAR CYTOTOXICITY Death of worm Shistosoma IgE FcεRI Granules Eosinophil granulocyte

  16. DEFENSE MECHANISMS AGAINST HELMINTHS HOST ENVIRONMENT is accepted, resistant to complement and phagocytes SIZE – no phagocytosis RESISTANT – to reactive radicals and enzymes of macrophages and neutrophils • IgE – mediated protection • IgE-mediated antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity ADCC • EFFECTOR CELLS:mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils • inflammatory mediators • vasodilation  recruitment of inflammatory cells  fluid outflow • smooth muscle cell contraction  mechanical removal Schistosoma mansoniDelayed Type Hypersensitivity - DTH Fibrosis around the eggs in the liver Chronic inflammation – Fibrotic connective tissue Inhibits the venous circulation of the liver

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