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Key Figures in Early American History: Influencers of the Colonial and Revolutionary Era

Explore influential leaders and pivotal moments in early American history that shaped the nation. Key figures include John Smith, credited with saving Jamestown; John Rolfe, who introduced profitable tobacco farming; and Anne Hutchinson, who challenged Puritan church authority. Significant events such as King Philip's War and the First Great Awakening reflect the struggles and triumphs of diverse leaders like George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison. Discover their impacts on governance, religion, and society that resonate today.

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Key Figures in Early American History: Influencers of the Colonial and Revolutionary Era

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  1. AP US History Trading Cards

  2. John Smith Time Period: Early 1600s Location: Jamestown, VA Major Items: • No work, no food policy • Credited with saving the Jamestown Colony

  3. John Rolfe Time Period: Early 1600s Location: Jamestown, VA Major Items: • Developed a new strain of tobacco that flourished in VA; made the colony profitable

  4. John Winthrop Time Period: 1630s Location: MA Bay Colony Major Items: • Governor • Gave the famous “Model of Christian Charity” sermon • Compared the colony to a “City upon a hill”

  5. Anne Hutchinson Time Period: 1630s-40s Location: MA – RI – NY Major Items: • Challenged the authority of the Puritan church • Put on trial; banished

  6. Roger Williams Time Period: 1630s-40s Location: Providence, RI Major Items: • Argued for the separation of church & state and fair dealings with Native Americans • Put on trial; banished • Founded the Baptist Church in America

  7. Metacom (King Philip) Time Period: 1660s-1670s Location: New England Major Items: • Chief of the Wampanoag Indians • Led the Native Americans against the colonists in King Philip’s War (1675-1678)

  8. Jonathan Edwards Time Period: 1730s-50s Location: New England Major Items: • First Great Awakening • Gave the famous “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” sermon (1741) • Regarded as an example of “fire & brimstone” preaching

  9. George Whitefield Time Period: 1730s-50s Location: New England Major Items: • First Great Awakening • Regarded as the best known preacher in North America

  10. Benjamin Franklin Time Period: 1750s-1780s Location: Philadelphia Major Items: • Proposed the Albany Plan of Union (1754) • Delegate to the Second Continental Congress (1775-1776) • Ambassador to France (1776-1785) • Delegate to the Constitutional Convention (1787)

  11. George Washington Time Period: 1789-1797 Location: Virginia Major Items: • Commander of the Continental Army • President • Hamilton’s Financial Plan • Whiskey Rebellion (1791) • Jay Treaty (1795) • Treaty of Greenville (1795) • Pinckney Treaty (1795) • Farewell Address (1796)

  12. Alexander Hamilton Time Period: 1786-1804 Location: New York Political Party: Federalist Major Items: • Constitutional Convention • Federalist Papers (1787-88) • Secretary of the Treasury • First Bank of the United States • Excise tax • Helped to defeat Aaron Burr • Election of 1800 • New York Governor (1804)

  13. John Adams Time Period: 1797-1801 Location: Massachusetts Political Party: Federalist Major Items: • X, Y, Z Affair (1797) • Quasi-War (1798-1800) • Alien & Sedition Acts (1798) • Midnight Judges (1801)

  14. Thomas Jefferson Time Period: 1801-1809 Location: Virginia Political Party: Democrat-Republican Major Items: • Declaration of Independence (1776) • KY & VA Resolutions (1798-99) • President • Marbury v. Madison (1803) • Louisiana Purchase (1803) • Lewis & Clark Expedition (1804-05) • 12th Amendment (1804) • Chesapeake-Leopard Affair (1807) • Embargo Act (1807) • Nonintercourse Act (1809)

  15. John Marshall Time Period: Early 1800s Political Party: Federalist Accomplishments: • Chief Justice of the Supreme Court • Worked to increase the power of the national government • Marbury v. Madison • Fletcher v. Peck • McCulloch v. Maryland

  16. James Madison Time Period: 1809-1817 Location: Virginia Political Party: Democratic-Republican Major Items: • Father of the Constitution • Federalist Papers (1787-88) • Bill of Rights (1791) • KY & VA Resolutions (1798-99) • President • Macon’s Bill #2 (1810) • War of 1812

  17. Tecumseh Time Period: Early 1800s Location: Old Northwest Major Items: • Attempted to organize Native Americans in their fight against the US • Lost to William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe • Died at the Battle of the Thames (War of 1812)

  18. James Monroe Time Period: 1817-1825 Location: Virginia Political Parties: • Democratic-Republican Major Items: • “Era of Good Feelings” • Panic of 1819 • Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) • Missouri Compromise (1820) • Monroe Doctrine (1823)

  19. Henry Clay Time Period: 1812-1850 Location: Kentucky (West) Political Parties: • Democratic-Republican • National Republican • Whig Major Items: • Great Triumvirate • War Hawk (War of 1812) • American System • Missouri Compromise (1820) • “Corrupt Bargain” (1824) • Tariff of 1833 • Compromise of 1850

  20. John C. Calhoun Time Period: 1812-1850 Location: South Carolina Political Parties: • Democratic-Republican • Democrat Major Items: • Great Triumvirate • War Hawk (War of 1812) • Nullification Crisis (1832) • “Positive Good” Doctrine (1837)

  21. Daniel Webster Time Period: 1812-1850 Location: New England Political Parties: • Federalist • Whig Major Items: • Great Triumvirate • Webster-Hayne Debate (1830) • Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842) • “Seventh of March” Speech (1850)

  22. Andrew Jackson Time Period: 1829-1837 Location: Tennessee Political Parties: • Democrat Major Items: • Cabinet Crisis • Spoils System • Indian Removal Act (1830) • Nullification Crisis (1832) • Bank War (1832)

  23. Samuel Slater Time Period: 1790s-1820s Location: RI and MA Major Items: • “Father of the American Factory System”

  24. Eli Whitney Time Period: 1790s-1820s Location: Massachusetts Major Items: • Invented the cotton gin; strengthened the economic foundation of slavery in the American South • Popularized the used of interchangeable parts in the production of muskets

  25. Robert Fulton Time Period: 1790s-1810s Location: Pennsylvania Major Items: • Developed the first commercially successful steamboat

  26. Samuel F. B. Morse Time Period: 1830s-1840s Location: Massachusetts Major Items: • Contributed to the invention of the telegraph system • Co-inventor of Morse code

  27. Ralph Waldo Emerson Time Period: 1830s-1840s Location: Massachusetts Major Items: • Leader of the Transcendentalist Movement • Author of Nature, The American Scholar, and Self-Reliance • Developed ideas about individuality and freedom

  28. Henry David Thoreau Time Period: 1830s-1860s Location: Massachusetts Major Items: • Leader of the Transcendentalist Movement • Author of Walden and Civil Disobedience • Argued for individual resistance to an unjust government • Abolitionist who argued against the Fugitive Slave Law and defended John Brown

  29. Charles Finney Time Period: 1820s-1830s Location: Ohio Major Items: • Leader of the Second Great Awakening • Abolitionist

  30. Elizabeth Cady Stanton Time Period: 1840s-1890s Location: New York Major Items: • Leader of the early women’s rights movement • Author of the Declaration of Sentiments • Modeled after the Declaration of Independence • Presented at the Seneca Falls Convention (1848) • Co-founded the National Woman Suffrage Association (1869)

  31. Susan B. Anthony Time Period: 1850s-1920s Location: Massachusetts Major Items: • Leader of the early women’s rights movement • Co-founded the National Woman Suffrage Association (1869) • Arrested for voting (1872)

  32. Nat Turner Time Period: 1831 Location: Virginia Major Items: • Led the deadliest slave rebellion in American history • Resulted in new laws prohibiting the education of slaves and restricting the rights of free blacks

  33. William Lloyd Garrison Time Period: 1830s-1870s Location: Massachusetts Major Items: • Editor of the abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator • Founder of the American Anti-Slavery Society • Called for the immediate emancipation of all slaves in the US

  34. Frederick Douglass Time Period: 1830s-1870s Location: Massachusetts Major Items: • Escaped slave who became a leader of the abolitionist movement

  35. James K. Polk Time Period: 1845-1849 Location: Tennessee Political Party: • Democrat Major Items: • Oregon Treaty (1846) • Mexican War (1846-1848) • Wilmot Proviso (1846)

  36. Stephen A. Douglas Time Period: 1843-1861 Location: Illinois Political Party: • Democrat Major Items: • Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) • Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858) • Freeport Doctrine (1858)

  37. John Brown Time Period: 1856-1859 Location: Kansas & (West) Virginia Major Items: • Pottawatomie Massacre (1856) • Raid on Harpers Ferry (1859)

  38. Abraham Lincoln Time Period: 1861-1865 Location: Illinois Political Parties: • Republican • National Union Major Items: • Civil War (1861-1865) • Homestead Act (1862) • Morrill Land Grant Act (1862) • Emancipation Proclamation (1863) • Gettysburg Address (1863) • Pacific Railway Act (1863) • Assassination (1865)

  39. Andrew Johnson Time Period: 1865-1869 Location: Tennessee Political Parties: • Republican Major Items: • 13th Amendment (1865) • Freedman’s Bureau • Reconstruction Acts (1867) – Vetoed, Overridden • Black Codes • 14th Amendment (1868) • Impeachment Trial (1868) • KKK

  40. Thaddeus Stevens Time Period: 1850s-1860s Location: Pennsylvania Political Party: • Radical Republican Major Items: • Most powerful member of the US House of Representatives during the Civil War • Drafted the Fourteenth Amendment & Reconstruction Acts (1867) • Proposed the resolution for Johnson’s impeachment (1868)

  41. Charles Sumner Time Period: 1850s-1870s Location: Massachusetts Political Party: • Radical Republican Major Items: • Nearly killed by SC Senator Preston Brooks (1856) • Worked with Representative Thaddeus Stevens to block Johnson’s Reconstruction plans

  42. Crazy Horse Time Period: 1876-1877 Location: Dakota Territory Major Items: • Sioux Leader • Defeated George A. Custer at the Battle of Little Bighorn (1877) • Commemorated by a monument in the Black Hills, SD

  43. Chief Joseph Time Period: 1877 Location: Oregon Country Major Items: • Nez Perce Leader • Renowned as a humanitarian and peacemaker

  44. Sitting Bull Time Period: 1876-1890 Location: Dakota Territory Major Items: • Sioux Leader • Helped to defeat George A. Custer at the Battle of Little Bighorn (1877) • Toured with Buffalo Bill Cody’s Wild West Show (1884) • Killed just before the Massacre at Wounded Knee (1890)

  45. Geronimo Time Period: 1855-1909 Location: Southwest Major Items: • Apache Leader • Led Native American resistance against the United States and Mexico

  46. Gilded Age Presidents Rutherford B. Hayes (R) • Great Railroad Strike (1877) James A. Garfield (R) • Half-Breeds v. Salwarts Chester A. Arthur (R) • Pendleton Act (1883) Grover Cleveland (D) • Haymarket Square Riot (1886) • Interstate Commerce Act (1887) • Dawes Severalty Act (1887) Benjamin Harrison (R) • Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890) • McKinley Tariff (1890) • Homestead Strike (1892) Grover Cleveland (D) • Panic of 1893 • Pullman Strike (1894) • Coxey’s Army (1894)

  47. Thomas Nast Time Period: 1860s-1880s Major Items: • Considered to be the “Father of the American Cartoon” • Worked for Harper’s Weekly • Instrumental in the downfall of Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall (1870-1871)

  48. William McKinley Time Period: 1897-1901 Location: Ohio Political Parties: • Republican Major Items: • New Imperialism • Spanish-American War (1898) • Open Door Policy (1899) • Boxer Rebellion (1900) • Assassination (1901)

  49. William Jennings Bryan Time Period: 1890s-1915 Location: Illinois Political Parties: • Populist; Democrat Major Items: • Ran for president in 1896, 1900, & 1908 • Promoted free silver, anti-imperialism, & trust-busting • Famous for his “Cross of Gold Speech” • Argued against teaching evolution in the Scopes Trial (1925)

  50. William Randolph Heart Time Period: 1880s-1930s Major Items: • Newspaper publisher – The New York Journal • Associated with the creation of yellow journalism leading up to the Spanish American War

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