Adaptive Team Sports and Variations for Inclusive Participation

1. Chapter 26 Team Sports C H A P T E R 26 Team Sports David L. Porretta

2. Deaf Sport • Excelling in sport—William Hoy and others • Few modifications needed • Sport organizations • USA Deaf Sports Federation (USADSF) • International Committee of Sports for the Deaf (ICSD), or Comité International des Sport des Sourds (CISS) • Deaflympics

3. Basketball • Game skills • Shooting • Passing • Dribbling • Lead-up games and activities

4. Basketball Variations and Modifications • Dwarf Athletic Association of America (DAAA) • Special Olympics • Full court (5 on 5) • Half-court (3 on 3) • National Wheelchair Basketball Association

5. Floor Hockey • Game skills • Stick handling • Shooting and passing • Checking • Goalkeeping

6. Special Olympics Floor Hockey • Similar to ice hockey • Six players to a team • Wooden or fiberglass sticks—resemble broom handles (goalie uses regulation hockey stick) • Puck—circular felt disc with hole in center • Face-offs, offsides, and violations are part of game • Three line shifts per period; game consists of three 9-minute periods

7. Power Hockey • All players use power wheelchairs. • Plastic hockey sticks and plastic ball are used. • Played indoors on a basketball-sized court. • Teams composed of five on-floor players. • Player classified into three levels.

8. American Football • Game skills • Passing • Catching • Kicking • Blocking • Tackling • Lead-up games and activities

9. Wheelchair Football • Began in 1948 • Universal Wheelchair Football Association (UWFA)—1997 • Essential elements of the game • Played on hard, flat surface; about size of standard basketball court • Similar to touch football • Wheelchair-to-wheelchair contact • Six players per side (continued)

10. Wheelchair Football (continued) • Foam football used • Classification system used (three classes) • Major rule modifications • Throwing ball replaces a kick • Delayed rush can be used • Clipping—contact behind opponent’s rear axle • Holding—grabbing opponent’s wheelchair

11. Soccer • Game skills • Running • Dribbling • Kicking • Trapping • Heading • Catching (goalie) • Lead-up games and activities

12. Soccer Variations and Modifications • Disabled Sports USA—for players with amputations • BlazeSports National Disability Sports Alliance (BNSDA)—for players with CP and les autres • Indoor wheelchair soccer • Seven-a-side soccer • Special Olympics • Eleven a side • Five a side

13. BNDSA Indoor Wheelchair Soccer • Players classified into five functional classes (motorized chairs can be used). • Teams composed of four to six on-court players. • Played on gym floor with yellow rubber playground ball. • Penalty shots and power plays are used. • Wheelchair, limb, or any part of body can move the ball.

14. Seven-a-Side Soccer • Designed for BNDSA class V-VIII players (ambulatory). • Players not allowed to use crutches. • No offside rule. • Males and females can compete together. • One class V or class VI player must be on field at all times. • Underhand throw-in permitted.

15. Power Soccer • Designed for persons in motorized (power) wheelchairs. • Originated in Canada. • Played on regulation basketball court. • Teams composed of four players each. • Males and females can compete together. • Bumpers are placed on wheelchair footrests to help maneuver the ball and protect the player.

16. Softball • Game skills • Throwing • Catching • Fielding • Hitting • Running • Lead-up games and activities (continued)

17. Softball (continued) • Sport variations and modifications • NBBA—beep baseball • NWSA—wheelchair softball • Special Olympics softball • Little League Challenger Division • Miracle League

18. Beep Baseball • Teams composed of six on-field players (all must be blindfolded). • Two sighted players function as pitcher and catcher on offense and as spotters on defense. • Spotters cannot field balls; however, they assist other players in fielding. • Object of game is to hit beep ball and reach one of two bases before opposing team fields the ball. (continued)

19. Beep Baseball (continued) • Once ball is hit, batter runs to one of two bases (first or third) that has been activated by the base operator. • Bases are padded cylinders that emit a buzzing noise when activated. • Sighted pitcher tries to give up hits; sighted catcher assists batters in the batting box. • Batter gets four strikes. There are three outs to an inning and six innings to a game.

20. Wheelchair Softball • Played in manual wheelchairs. • Game is played on smooth, level surface (e.g., playground or parking lot). • Bases are level with playing surface (painted on the ground). • Teams are balanced by a point system (classification). • Teams are composed of 10 on-field players. • Each team must have at least one player with quadriplegia participating in the game at all times.

21. Volleyball • Game skills • Serving • Passing • Striking • Spiking • Lead-up games and activities (continued)

22. Volleyball (continued) • Sport variations and modifications • Disabled Sports USA • DAAA • Special Olympics • Sitting and standing volleyball

23. Goalball • Components include auditory tracking, agility, coordination, and teamwork. • Game developed in Europe for persons with blindness. • Game is played in a silent arena; goals are scored by rolling a hard rubber ball with bells inside of it across the opponent’s goal line. • All players must wear blindfolds; most wear protective padding on elbows, knees, and hips. (continued)

24. Goalball (continued) • Defensive players assume a kneeling, crouch, or lying position to stop the ball; once it is stopped, players have 10 seconds to throw it. • Player must stay in their designated zones. • There are three on-court players for each team. • Game consists of two 10-minute periods. • Penalties are assessed and penalty throws are taken. • Sudden-death overtime periods are played in case of a tie after regulation play.

25. Goalball Skills and Lead-Up Games and Activities • Game skills • Throwing • Blocking and ball control • Lead-up games and activities

26. Quad Rugby • United States Quad Rugby Association formed in 1988. • Game also known as wheelchair rugby or murderball; developed in Canada. • Designed for players who have quadriplegia; full chair contact is allowed. • Teams are composed of four on-court players. • A classification (point system) is used to equalize competition; males and females can compete on same team. (continued)

27. Quad Rugby (continued) • Object of game is to carry a ball (volleyball) over the opponent’s goal line. • Game is played on a regulation basketball court; a key area is located in front of each goal line (designated by cones). • All defensive players cannot be in the key area at the same time. • Game is composed of four 8-minute periods; sudden-death overtime periods in case of tie after regulation. • Players committing fouls serve time in a penalty box; therefore opposing team has power play.

28. Quad Rugby Skills and Lead-Up Games and Activities • Game skills • Wheelchair mobility • Throwing and catching • Lead-up games and activities

29. Inclusion • Match abilities to positions • Teach to players’ abilities • Modify equipment • Unified Sports