English 10

1. English 10 Grammar & Usage Review North Penn High School Lansdale, Pennsylvania Mr. Scott Swindells

2. English 10 Table of Contents Grammar & Usage Review (click a topic to learn more) comparisons parallel structure gerund phrase infinitive phrase in/direct objects homonyms symbol, tone & irony grammar websites adverbs of manner parts of speech citing & quotations consistent tense participial phrases titles of works prepositional phrases capitalization the five-paragraph essay subject/verb agreement their, they're, there embedding & the heuristic using semi-colons "who" vs. "whom" sentence variety using commas run-on sentences appositive phrases using the hyphen sentence fragments clauses

3. parts of speech ADVERB A word that describes or modifies a verb. Example: “Quickly” in the phrase “he ran quickly.” To learn about adverbs of manner, click here. NOUN The part of speech that is used to name a person, place, thing, quality, or action and can function as the subject or object of a verb, the object of a preposition, or an appositive. The part of speech that modifies a noun or other substantive by limiting, qualifying, or specifying and distinguished in English morphologically by one of several suffixes, such as -able, -ous, -er, and -est, or syntactically by position directly preceding a noun or nominal phrase. adjective Verb The part of speech that expresses existence, action, or occurrence in most languages. Return to Table of Contents Go on to the next topic USE: http://www.bartleby.com/59/7/index.html

4. participle phrases A participle is an adjective formed from a verb, when one changes a verb in order to make it describe. Adding “-ing” to a verb makes a present participle. A past participle is formed differently, since not all verbs form the past tense regularly. "sinking" is a present participle from the verb "sink" A participle phrase usually begins with a participle the verb "run" can become "running," the verb "eat" can become "eating" "sunken" is the past participle of "sink" • We saw Mr. Swindells jumping into the lake. • Here the participle phrase “jumping into the lake" acts • as an adjective describing the proper noun “Mr. Swindells." Go on to the next topic Return to Table of Contents (When a participle phrase is used to begin a sentence, it should be set off by a comma.)

5. Take a test on Prepositions prepositional phrases * A prepositional phrase begins with a preposition… click here for a list of prepositions … and usually ends with a noun or pronoun (called the object of the preposition). A prepositional phrase can act like an adjective when it modifies a noun or pronoun... ...but it can also act as an adverb when it modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb. I tried on every dressin the store. You cancometo my house. Noun being modified Prepositional phrase Verb phrase Being modified Prepositional phrase A quick note: In the sentence, “Mr. Swindells hit theball over the fence,” the prepositional phrase “over the fence” modifies the verb “hit,” because the phrase tells us more about the verb (it explains the distance of the hit). Don’t be confused — “over the fence” does not modify the noun “ball,” because — unless the ball was corked — going “over the fence” has nothing to do with the “ball.” It’s the “hit” that sends it out of the yard! Go on to the next topic Return to Table of Contents

6. subject/verb agreement Click here for Webster's Subject-Verb Agreement Powerpoint! Go on to the next topic Return to Table of Contents

7. using semi-colons Under Construction English teachers ... feel free to create this lesson! Go on to the next topic Return to Table of Contents

8. using commas Under Construction English teachers ... feel free to create this lesson! Return to Table of Contents Go on to the next topic

9. using the hyphen Two words brought together as a compound may be written separately, as one word, or connected by hyphens. For example, three modern dictionaries all have the same listings for the following compounds: hair stylist hairsplitter hair-raiser Another modern dictionary, however, lists hairstylist, not hair stylist. Compounding is obviously in a state of flux, and authorities do not always agree in all cases, but the uses of the hyphen offered here are generally agreed upon. a one-way streetchocolate-covered peanutswell-known author 1. Use a hyphen to join two or more words However, when compound modifiers come after a noun, they are not hyphenated: The peanuts were chocolate covered. The author was well known. 2. Use a hyphen with compound numbers: forty-six sixty-three Our much-loved teacher was sixty-three years old. 3. Use a hyphen to avoid confusion or an awkward combination of letters: re-sign a petition (vs. resign from a job) 4. Use a hyphen with the prefixes ex- (meaning former), self-, all-; with the suffix -elect; between a prefix and a capitalized word; and with figures or letters: ex-husband self-assured mid-September all-inclusive mayor-elect anti-American T-shirt pre-Civil War mid-1980s 5. Use a hyphen to divide words at the end of a line if necessary (and make the break only between syllables) Return to Table of Contents pref-er-ence sell-ing in-di-vid-u-al-ist Slide 2For line breaks, divide already hyphenated words only at the hyphen: mass-produced Go on to the next topic

10. adverbs of manner Adverb, verb Verb, adverb, We use adverbs of manner to tell us how something happened. They describe the way or style of doing something: You can dance well. She sang that song badly. We usually put them at the end of the sentence, though sometimes they come before the main verb: That book was written badly. That book was badly written. Many of these adverbs end in -ly: awkwardly, badly, coldly, desperately... Common irregular adverbs of manner include: high, late, near, well What is an adverb? Click here to learn about parts of speech! Return to Table of Contents Go on to the next topic Information adapted from: http://www.teacher-training.net/companion/gg/adverbs/advmanner.htm

11. Identifying the titles of works Scenes Movies Articles Songs Albums Periodicals No punctuation: Names of bands, people, and places. Titles of chapters. The title as it appears before one’s own work. Return to Table of Contents Go on to the next topic

12. CAPITALIZATION RULES 1) Capitalize the pronoun I. 2) Capitalize the first letter of the first word of each sentence. 3) Capitalize the first letter of names of people, organizations, and      places. 4) Capitalize the first letter of adjectives that are made from the      names of people and places. 5) Capitalize initials 6) Capitalize the first letter of directions only when they are used      to designate actual places, not when they point in a direction. 7) Capitalize the first letter of the names of months and      the days of the week. capitalization What to capitalize: The pronoun "I" The names of languages, races, nationalities and religions The first letter of the first word of each sentence Historical events and documents The first letter of names of places, persons or organizations The first letter of adjectives made from the names of persons or places Initials acronyms and initialisms The first letter of important words in the title of a work The first letter of directions only when they are used to indicate the names of places The official title of a person, when used with his or her name Words used as names or parts of names Return to Table of Contents Go on to the next topic http://www.angelfire.com/ks/teachme/capitalization.htm 10) Capitalize the first letter of important words in a title of a       book, magazine, story, essay, etc. 11) Capitalize historical events and documents. 12) Capitalize the name of languages, races, nationalities, and       religions. 13) Capitalize acronyms. (An acronym is a word formed by the       first, or first few, letters of words in a long name of an       organization.) 14) Capitalize initialisms. (An initialism is similar to acronym, but       a word is not formed from the letters.)

13. When to use "their," "they're," and "there" If they are going they R-E- eally are going, so If they’rethere you know they’re not here, yo! It really doesn’t matter, just lettin’ ya know If they’re there with their, “E-I – E-I – Uh Oh!” Mnemonic Device They’re — contraction for “they are” Think: “They R –E –eally” (say it like Jim Carrey) “must go!” There — indicator of location Think: “HERE or THERE?” click here for other homynyms Their — plural possessive Think: “Are all farmers in dells so possessive of their ‘E-I’s?” Return to Table of Contents Go on to the next topic

14. "who" vs. "whom" Whom is used as an object. Who is used as a subject. Following these steps will help you to decide which form to use. a. Isolate the clause which contains who or whom. ex: The man (who, whom) she thought was perfect jilted her.                                                  (who, whom) was perfect b. Substitute the word he for who and him for whom. he was perfect    or     him was perfect c. Since he was perfect makes sense, you would use who. d. Sometimes you will have to rearrange the clause into normal word order. Return to Table of Contents Go on to the next topic For "they" vs. "he or she," click here.

15. run-on sentences Run-on sentences contain multiple phrases that could each function on its own as a complete sentence. Run-ons often include more that one conjunction, such as multiple uses of “like,” “and," or “but.” To correct, change the word-order or punctuation. What are some different ways of correcting this run-on? I work at Foulkeways and it is a pretty good place to work, because the people who work there are nice, all except for Lori she is mean One solution: I work at Foulkeways. It is a pretty good place to work because the people who work there are nice, except for Lori. She is mean! Return to Table of Contents Go on to the next topic

16. sentence fragments Under Construction English teachers ... feel free to create this lesson! Return to Table of Contents Go on to the next topic

17. How to quote & cite references Under Construction English teachers ... feel free to create this lesson! Return to Table of Contents Go on to the next topic

18. keeping tense consistent Hey, you! Yeah, I’m talking to you. Don’t start writing in the past tense in the middle of a random paragraph when you’ve written the whole story in present tense up to that point! Look for unintentional shifts in tense when proofreading. Careful proof-reading will help students catch switches in tense in their writing. We had been walking all day when we finally see the gate. Come on! Catch this when proof-reading! Correct the mistakes in verb tense from the paragraphs at this website: http://teachers.net/lessons/posts/2893.html Return to Table of Contents Go on to the next topic

19. the five-paragraph essay Introductory Paragraph Tell readers what you are about to do. 3 Body Paragraphs: Support your topic sentence with embedded details! Concluding Paragraph Tell readers what you just did. Summarize. Return to Table of Contents Go on to the next topic

20. embedding & the heuristic embedding is Including quotes, facts, or information from another source into your own writing to help defend your thesis. Return to Table of Contents Go on to the next topic

21. sentence variety Under Construction English teachers ... feel free to create this lesson! Return to Table of Contents Go on to the next topic

22. appositive phrases An appositive is simply a noun or pronoun that often comes directly after another word in a sentence, putting that word in better context by explaining it or by giving more information about it 1. John, thenaughty boy, got a lump of coal in his stocking. 2.  The painting Starry Night is by artist Vincent Van Gogh 3.  Tom, my friend's brother, won the lottery. 4.  The car, a Corvette, rumbled down the road. 5.  Neil, the drummer for a successful rock band, performed at the stadium. A very efficient way of giving life and vitality to writing is to use appositives and appositive phrases. Return to Table of Contents Go on to the next topic

23. all kinds of clauses Under Construction English teachers ... feel free to create this lesson! Return to Table of Contents Go on to the next topic

24. homonyms “They're are also homonyms; check there meaning their too.” — http://192.211.16.13/curricular/pass2000/writingtips.htm Look over They're all winners And this is there their prize! Click here for a list of homonyms! Return to Table of Contents Go on to the next topic

25. prepositions by up after amid in until with except of behind aboard over about regarding onto as during among from despite since against between aside from throughout during down next to to but off below Return to Table of Contents Go on to the next topic opposite underneath click here for prep phrases!

26. symbol, tone & irony Something that represents sonething else, especially concrete representation of moral or intellectual quality. symbol A manner of speaking or writing that shows a certain attitude on the part of the speaker or writer, consisting in choice of words, phrasing, etc. tone A mode of speech in which the meaning is the opposite of that actually expressed. irony Return to Table of Contents Go on to the next topic

27. "THEY" vs. "HE" or "SHE" They are up the creek without a paddle He is very strict She is tired. "They" is a plural noun! DO NOT use "they" when writing or speaking about one person. If you want to write or speak about one person without giving away his or her gender… One one's should never go to bed angry at spouse. (not “their spouse”) his or her Everyone is entitled to opinion. (not “their opinion”) he or she If you have a boyfriend or girlfriend, can go too. Return to Table of Contents Go on to the next topic (not “they can go too”)

28. Degrees of Comparison Comparative Superlative Postitive Largest Larger Large Return to Table of Contents Go on to the next topic

29. Parallel Structure Parallel Structure Using the same pattern of words to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance. example: ing go fishing. I enjoy eat ice cream, tak baths, and when I go fishing. ing ing Click the square to make the sentence parallel! Don’t take my word for it … to check out Purdue University’s OWL writing site for more on parallel structure, click here. Return to Table of Contents Go on to the next topic

30. Some useful grammar websites... http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/toc.cfm www.dictionary.com End Show Return to Table of Contents