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  1. Title slide The impact of ‘International Cooperative Initiatives on Biodiversity’ (ICIBs) Bas Arts

  2. Companies, cities, communities • With or without governments • Pledges of countries under UNFCCC ⋲ proposed measures of ICIs • Reduction GHGs

  3. Companies, cities, communities • With or without governments • Conservation and sustainable use BIODIVERSITY ACTION OUTSIDE THE CBD

  4. Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 (incl. 20 Achi Targets)

  5. Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 (incl. 20 Achi Targets)

  6. Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 (incl. 20 Achi Targets)

  7. Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 (incl. 20 Achi Targets) How to assess..??

  8. ICIBs • Bonn challenge: landscape and forest restoration • Citizens’ green initiatives in Europe • Community forest management (CFM)* • Re-naturing cities for green infrastructures • Voluntary Sustainability Standards (forest certification)

  9. Data sources: FAO, 2015; RRI, 2014

  10. Level 1: Community-managed forests: 10% to 15% of the world’s forests (400-515 mn. Ha.)

  11. Level 1: CFM (>1980) covers about 8 to 10% of the world’s forests (330-385 mn. Ha.)

  12. Level 1: CFM (>1980) covers about 8 to 10% of the world’s forests (330-385 mn. Ha.) Level 3: Meta-analysis case studies

  13. Success rate: 35%

  14. Level 1: CFM (>1980) covers about 8 to 10% of the world’s forests (330-385 mn. Ha.) Level 2: CFM / positive biodiversity impact: 115-135 mn. Ha.; MSA: +25%;

  15. Based on: Schippers, 2016

  16. Level 1: CFM (>1980) covers about 8 to 10% of the world’s forests (330-385 mn. Ha.) Level 2: CFM / positive biodiversity impact: 115-135 mn. Ha.; MSA: +25%; Additionality: 5-6% (PAs), 18-21% (FPAs)

  17. Additionality • CFM withpositivebiodiversity impact: 115-135 mn. Ha. Comparedto: • PAs: 2.2 billion Ha. • FPAs: 650 million Ha. [Overlap..??]

  18. Level 1: CFM (>1980) covers about 8 to 10% of the world’s forests (330-385 mn. Ha.) Level 2: CFM / positive biodiversity impact: 115-135 mn. Ha.; MSA: +25%; Additionality: 5-6% (PAs), 18-21% (FPAs) Level 3: Examples from Bolivia and Tanzania

  19. All forest cases... • Bonn challenge: forest and landscape restoration • Community forest management • Voluntary Sustainability Standards (forests)

  20. All forest cases... • Bonn challenge: forest and landscape restoration • Community forest management • Voluntary Sustainability Standards (forests) *About 300 (?) mn. Ha. forests contributing to conservation *MSA gains: about 20% *Additionality: about 45% (ct FPAs) *Overlap..??

  21. Some remarkable findings... • Sustainable use areas > protected areas • Nepstadt et al., 2004: inhabited reserves > national parks in Amazonia (less deforestation, less fires) • Hajes, 2006: FPAs ≈ FMAs (163 areas in 13 countries) • Porter-Bolland, 2012: CFM = less deforestation than FPAs (about (75 cases)

  22. Conclusions • ICIBs contribute to biodiversity conservation as much as protected areas do (and maybe even more) • Hence: need for ‘land sparing’ and ‘land sharing’ • GBO and other (national) nature policy evaluations should take ICIBs into account • ‘Funnel framework’ seems a valuable tool to connect general input data with in-depth case studies

  23. THANKS