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Overview of Major Belief Systems and Philosophies

Explore key monotheistic religions such as Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, along with polytheistic beliefs like Hinduism. Discover the foundations, holy texts, practices, and key teachings of these faiths, as well as philosophical traditions like Buddhism, Animism, Confucianism, and Daoism.

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Overview of Major Belief Systems and Philosophies

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  1. Belief Systems Religions and Philosophies

  2. Monotheism The belief in one God Ex. Judaism, Christianity, Islam Polytheism The belief in many gods Ex. Ancient Egypt, Hinduism Religions

  3. Judaism • The Hebrews founded Judaism , the oldest known monotheistic religion • Sacred text: Torah (Christian Old Testament) • Basic teachings: Ten Commandments- the Hebrew code of laws Holy City: Jerusalem

  4. Christianity • Founder: Jesus of Nazareth • Holy City: Jerusalem • Sacred text: Christian Bible (Old Testament and New Testament) • Monotheistic • Practices: Seven sacraments

  5. Christianity • Christian Churches divide numerous times • Major churches: Roman Catholic (headed by Pope), Eastern Orthodox, Protestant Faiths (Lutheran, Calvinist, Church of England)

  6. Islam • Founder: Prophet Muhammad (6th Century AD) • Sacred text: Qur’an (Koran) • Monotheistic: One God (Allah- means God in Arabic) • Basic teachings: 5 pillars • Divisions: Sunni and Shiah Holy Cities: Mecca (Makkah), Medina, Jerusalem

  7. Hinduism POLYTHEISTIC No Single Founder Holy books: Vedas, Bhagavad Gita, Mahabarata Reincarnation- rebirth of one’s soul

  8. Hinduism Beliefs: Karma- all the good and bad deeds done in one’s life Dharma- duties one must fulfill in life Moksha- union with Brahman at the end of life cycle Caste system- rigid social class system based on birth

  9. Buddhism Founder: Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha) 500’s BC No Single God- believe in universal spirit Basic teachings: Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path

  10. Buddhism Beliefs: Karma Reincarnation Ahimsa- nonviolence to all living things Nirvana- release from the cycle of rebirth

  11. Animism Founder-There is no one person Geographic Origin- Africa Significant Writings- Animism has an oral tradition of story-telling, rather than a developed writing system. Places of Worship-Animist rituals tend to take place outdoors in nature. Teachings and Beliefs- Animists practice nature worship. They believe that everything in the universe has a spirit.

  12. Philosophies

  13. Confucianism Founder: Confucius 500’s BC Text: The Analects Beliefs: Filial Piety- respect for parents and elders 5 relationships: guide conduct in all interactions in family and society

  14. Daoism Founder: Laozi 500’s BC Text: Dao De Jing Beliefs: harmony with nature Yin and Yang: must balance 2 opposing forces in nature The Dao: the force that guides all things

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