The Periodic Table

The Periodic Table Know It Love It Amaze Your Friends

Horizontal rows on the periodic table are called _____________ or _______________. Vertical columns on the periodic table are called _____________ or _______________. The elements in each _____________ have similar ____________ and _______________ properties. Elements are also classified as ____________, ________________ or _________________. Periodic Law:__________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ periods series groups families family physical chemical metals non-metals metalloids when elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, there is a repetition of their physical and chemical properties

So Which Elements Do I HAVE to Know? (Would you like some cheese with that WHINE?!) The first 20 elements and: Uranium gold francium Bromine Mercury silver Iron tin copper lead zinc iodine

H 1 The Alkali Metals Brainiac

H 1 2 The Alkaline Earth Metals Brainaic

H The Transition Metals 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

H The Boron Group He 1 2 14 15 16 17 18 13 B 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Al Ga In Tl

H He The Carbon Group 1 2 13 15 16 17 18 14 C 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Si Ge Sn Pb

H The Nitrogen Group He 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18 N 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 P As Sb Bi

H He The Oxygen Group 17 18 16 1 2 13 14 15 O 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 S Se Te Po

H He The Halogens 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18 F 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Cl Br I At

H He The Noble Gases 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18 Ne 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Ar Kr Xe Rn

And that stuff at the bottom? The Lanthanide Series (metals) The Actinide Series (metals) Just Remember Good ‘Ole #92... Uranium

H The Stairstep of science He 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18 B 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Si As Ge Te Sb Po At

H Putting it all together He Red: Metals Blue: Nonmetals White: Metalloids 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18 B 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Si As Ge Te Sb At Po

Using the periodic table as a tool… Elements are arranged based on: ATOMIC NUMBER ATOMIC MASS ATOMIC RADIUS IONIZATION ENERGY AND ELECTRONEGATIVITY OXIDATION NUMBER METALLIC CHARACTER ELECTRON CONFIGURATIONS

LET’S THINK ABOUT… SIZE SIZE SIZE

REMEMBER ATOMIC NUMBER AND MASS? ATOMIC NUMBER = # OF PROTONS IN NUCLEUS AVERAGE ATOMIC MASS = THE WEIGHTED AVERAGE OF THE MASSES OF THE ISOTOPES OF AN ELEMENT BOTH ATOMIC NUMBER AND ATOMIC MASS INCREASE AS YOU MOVE ACROSS AND DOWN THE PERIODIC TABLE WHAT OTHER WAY CAN WE MEASURE SIZE?

Describe the size of this object: Atomic Radius: One half the distance between two bonded atoms.

H Atomic Radius He 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18 Increases down and decreases to the right on the Periodic table 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

BUT WAIT!!! What about those… ELECTRONS!!!

ELECTRONEGATIVITY: THE TENDENCY FOR THE ATOMS OF AN ELEMENT TO ATTRACT ELECTRONS IONIZATION ENERGY: THE ENERGY REQUIRED TO REMOVE AN ELECTRON FROM AN ATOM When an atom loses or gains an electrons it becomes an ion. Positively charged = cation Negatively charged = anion

Ionization Energy & Electronegativity H He 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18 Decreases down and increases to the right on the periodic table 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Related to Ions… Oxidation number: The number of electrons that an atom donates or receives when combined with another atom Valence electrons: Electrons in the highest occupied energy level of an atom

What is the electron configuration for Ne? Ne = 1s22s22p6 There are 8 valence electrons in the second energy level of a Neon atom. The noble gases are stable! They do not react! The outer energy level is full! Octet Rule: atoms react so as to acquire the stable electron structure of a noble gas (8 valence electrons)

The first group (alkali metals) have 1 valence electron. This is NOT stable and the alkali metals tend to donate this electron. Their oxidation number is +1. The halogens have 7 valence electrons. They receive 1 electron to satisfy the octet rule (8 electrons in their outer shell). Their oxidation number is –1.

Po At H Oxidation Numbers He +3 +/-4 –3 –2 –1 0 +1+ 2 B Various Si As Ge Te Sb

REMEMBER YOUR ELECTRON CONFIGURATIONS 1S2 2S2 3S2 4S2 2P6 3P6 3D10 Look at your periodic table. What can you deduce about the highest energy level and Its relationship to the row number? The element is in the same row number as its highest energy level. Its group number? Each group fills the same orbital.

The Electron Game H He p1p2p3p4p5p6 Period # = Highest Energy Level 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18 Group = Highest Orbital Filled B s1 s2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Si As Ge Te d Sb At Po

Metallic vs. Non-metallic character: Metallic Character -- to what degree an element exhibits the characteristics of a metal. (How “good” a metal the element is.) As you travel from top to bottom down a group, Metallic Character increases (the elements become more “metallic”). As you travel from left to right across a period, Metallic Character decreases (the elements become less “metallic”).

Some metals are more reactive than others and will replace less reactive metals during a reaction. Li, K, Ca, Na, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Pb, H, Cu, Hg, Ag Decreasing reactivity ---------------------------

Periodic Trend: Down periodic table: (Top to Bottom) Across periodic table: (Left to Right) increases increases atomic number atomic mass increases increases decreases increases atomic radius decreases increases electronegativity decreases increases ionization energy increases decreases metallic character How will you remember this?

Whew! That’s It!

The Periodic Table